OC140114

May explain or influence changes in a response variable. The goal in most studies is to show that changes in one or more explanatory variables cause ch

Population: entire group of individuals about which we want information. Sample: part of the population from which we actually collect information to d

If yes, then dependent and use conditional probabilities. If no, then independent and can use multiplication rule. Mutually exclusive/disjoint events:

Normal distributions are symmetric, single peaked or bell shaped. All normal distributions have the same overall shape. Must describe a continuous rand

Within one standard deviation of the mean, 68% of the population lie. Within three standard deviations, 99. 7% of the population lie. When given the st

Skew occurs with a lot more values above or below the means (unbalanced distributions) Mean and median provide two different measures of the center of

Most data from one sequencing round in illumina. Dna template for synthesis produced by a plasmid placed in bacteria for replication. 4 separate reacti

Can function in either homologous or non-homologous recombination. If used in non-homologous, it is usually to produce a deletion or a gene knockout (w

Type iip: symmetric recognition site and cleavage is within the recognition site. Recognizes the sequence and cuts within that sequence. If ligation is

Methylase recognizes the same sequence as the restriction enzyme. Methylates the sequence so the enzyme will only cut foreign mrna. Similar to rnai in

Pathway to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes only. Involves sirnas or mirnas which are short single-stranded rnas between 20-30 nucleotides in len

Risc picks the strand with the less stable end to unwind. It binds to both strands, but helicase unwinds the end that is easier to unwind first. As org

Prevent expression of potentially harmful mrnas from being exported into cytoplasm. Rapid mrna decay method developed so (labile mrnas) growth factors,

Dna sequences in the vicinity of the structural portion of a gene that are required for expression (local structure) Encoded on the same dna molecule f

One extra base can cause a whole frame shift. 90% of nucleotides that are transcribed are removed as introns within the nucleus. Exons are highly conse

Transcription activators and repressors interact specifically with dna usually in the major groove. Dna information is read by two different types of p

Because eukaryotic transcription and translation are spatially separated, rna is processed before it is an mrna to be sent out to the cytoplasm. Cappin

Loops of 50 turns per loop are formed. Minibands of 18 loops form resulting in stacked minibands called chromosomes. Eight histone fold protein domains

Ribozymes: segments of rna that display enzyme activity without proteins. Proteins are usually present as structural additions, but the enzyme is able

Moves along the dna strand in the 3" to 5" direction producing a 5" to 3" coding strand. Mg2+ in active site for dna phosphate stabilization. Sigma ext

Mostly operons which are polycistronic transcripts with two or more genes with related functions transcribed as one rna molecule. Only one mrna has to

E. coli prefers to use tryptophan from its environment rather than make its own since making its own costs a lot of energy. Trp operon synthesizes tryp

Signals must occur at the right place (spatial control) and the right time (temporal control) In any signalling pathway, look for conserved areas like

Catabolic processes to generate high energy compounds that drive biosynthetic pathways. Stage 1 building blocks: breaking things down into individual b

Discovery of covalent modification as a regulatory mechanism using glycogen phosphorylase: Phos b is inactive form and phos a is active form. Isolated

Monosaccharides: general formula: (ch2o)n, many have enantiomers, most monosaccharides tend to be in the d-enantiomer (oh on the right) orientation at

Examples of protein functions : protein flexibility is critical in order for it to undergo conformational changes (example in enzymes: enzyme: catalyze

Blood is 55% plasma with 45% rbc"s, wbc"s and platelets. Wbc"s are the only blood components that can migrate in and out of tissues. Wbc"s are made fro

Pancreatic enzymes work with intestinal enzymes to break nutrients into building blocks. Hepatic portal vein brings nutrient-laden blood into the liver

Burst of protein synthesis in the liver after a protein-rich meal. Mostly in muscles, but also in most tissues. Stored mostly in adipose, but also in o