bingo

The order of the structural genes controlling the trp operon is

1. Which of the following statements concerning Pneumocystis jirovecii is FALSE?

Which of the following statements concerning Pneumocystis jirovecii is FALSE?

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tuberculosis infection?

2. Which description of melioidosis is correct?

True or False

1.1. Copy number variation occurs only as a result of duplications. TrueFalse
2. In humans, appropximately 0.4% of the genomes of two unrelated people usually differ with respect to copy number. TrueFalse
3. Errors in DNA replication are the main way that copy number variation occurs. TrueFalse
4. Most copy number variation is inherited and happened in the past. TrueFalse
5. Copy number variation refers strictly to variation in the number of copies of a specific gene in an organism. TrueFalse
6. Scientists generally refer to variations in copy number among members of the same species.

28- What do the medullary cords become in the female? a- The ductus deferens and seminal vesicle b-The rete testis and the seminiferous tubules c-The epididymis and efferent ductules d- All of the above e- None of the above

Gametogenesis in males a) occurs throughout life. b) occurs in the ductus deferens. c) is initiat ed in the seminiferous tubules. d) is ini t iated during fetal development.

Which of the following occurs in smell cell after odorant bind to olfactory receptor?

A) CA^2+ ions channels close

B) The plasma membrane becomes depolarized

C) The Na K ATPase becomes inactive

D) Intracellular levels of Cl increase

E) None of the above

10 A) Which of the following statements about phospholipase C signaling is true?

It cleaves an inositol derivative into membrane-associated IP3 and diffusible DAG.

Upon GPCR activation, GDP is replaced by GTP on the G-alpha subunit, which directly activates phospholipase C.

DAG and IP3 are intimately involved in intracellular Na+ signaling.

The substrate of phospholipase C is inositol.

10 B) Of the components of a heterotrimeric G protein, which subunit is able to activate downstream responses?

only the ? subunit

only the ? subunit

only the ?/? subunits

both the ? subunit and the ?/? subunits

In the Gq-mediated activation of phospholipase C (PLC), the PLC would be turned off by increasing

A) the concentration of alpha subunits

B) the concentration of gamma subunits

C) the concentration of beta subunits

D) the hydrolysis of cAMP to AMP

E) the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP

52. RNA translation in eukaryotes occurs

Select one:

a. primarily in the nucleus.

b. solely in mitochondria.

c. solely in the cytoplasm.

d. primarily in the Golgi apparatus.

e. primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum.

55. Epinephrine blocks the contraction of muscles in the airways. Which of the other activities of epinephrine is most likely to be regulated by the same type of pathway?

Select one:

a. Stimulation of heart muscle cell contraction.

b. Contraction of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels.

c. Promotes the breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle cells

d. Increased sweating.

e. Inhibition of saliva production in salivary glands

Under which conditions will E. coli make the least amount of β-galactosidase?

A. I⁺O⁺Z⁺, glucose absent, lactose present

B. I^sO^cZ⁺ glucose present, lactose absent.

C. IO⁺Z⁺, glucose absent, lactose absent.

D. I^SO⁺Z⁺, glucose absent, lactose present.

E. B and D will both make low levels of β-galactosidase.

19. In cyclic electron transport,

Select one:

a. CO₂ reacts with RuBP.

b. water donates electrons and protons.

c. NADPH + H⁺ forms.

d. oxygen gas is released.

e. ATP is formed.

20. A pigment goes from an excited state to a ground state when a photon strikes electrons. This ground state is unstable. Electrons from isolated pigments tend to naturally go to an excited state, giving off heat or light in the process.

Select one:

True

False

21. When a molecule is oxidized in a cell,

Select one:

a. electrons are transferred from the original molecule to NADH or FADH₂.

b. A and C are correct.

c. electrons are transferred from the original molecule to NAD⁺ or FAD.

d. electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH₂ to the original molecule.

e. electrons are transferred from NAD⁺ or FAD to the original molecule.

23.

How do red and blue light differ from one another?

Select one:

a. Red is radiant, whereas blue is electromagnetic.

b. They have a different number of photons in each quantum.

c. They differ in intensity.

d. Their wavelengths are different.

e. They differ in duration.

24.

Patients with McArdle's Disease lack an enzyme in their livers that catabolizes glycogen. Compared to an unaffected individual you would predict that a patient with McArle's disease would ______.

Select one:

a. have increased breakdown of glycogen by proteaosomes.

b. have an enlarged liver because they accumulate glycogen.

c. have increased autophagy of glycogen.

25.

The Calvin cycle occurs in the thylakoid, using reducing power from NADH and phosphates from ATP. One molecule of Glyceraldehyde 3P exits the cycle for every CO₂ molecules fixed and is converted to glucose and other organic molecules.

Select one:

True

False

31.

An active site is

Select one:

a. the site where energy is added to an enzyme catalyst.

b. the part of the enzyme that binds with a substrate.

c. the part of the substrate that binds with an enzyme.

d. None of the above

e. the site where enzymes are found in cells.

What is the biochemical explanation for the lethal effects of dintrophenol (DNP) when ingested in large quantities for the purpose of losing weight? Choose the ONE BEST answer.

A. Individuals who injest large amounts of DNP are unable to sustain life on a normal diet so their body begins to consume itself and they die from hyperthermia, which causes spontaneous combustion.

B. DNP blocks redox reactions in Complex IV, which has the same effect of cyanide and leads to death by asphyxiation.

C. DNP dissipates the proton gradient and severly reduces the efficiency of mitochondrial ATP synthesis, which causes liver damage due to accumulation of this hydrophobic molecule in membranes.

D. DNP interferes with expression of UCP1 and the individual is unable to control body temperature, which leads to massive amounts of ATP synthesis and depletion of phosphate in the body.

E. Individuals ingesting large amounts of DNP disrupt metabolism in brown fat and they are unable to keep warm, so they die from hypothermia in their sleep.

F. People who ingest large amounts of DNP become delirious because neuronal membranes disintegrate due to inhibition of the Na+/K+ ATPase channel and loss of membrane potential.

G. DNP binds to and inhibits the beta subunit in the ATP synthase complex, therefore without ATP synthesis, the ETS shuts down and the individual dies from lack of oxidative deamination.

The methyl carbon of Acetyl CoA is radioactive (¹⁴C) and allowed to enter the critric acid cycle under conditions in which malate dehydrogenase is not active. later, malate is recovered from the cell.

A) Indicate precisely where this radioactive carbon will end up.

B) Assuming a working electron transport system, how many net ATP will be produced? (show work)

1. The products of lactic acid fermentation in skeletal muscle are:

a. lactate and ethanol and NAD⁺.

b. ethanol and NADH.

c. ethanol and carbon dioxide and NAD⁺.

d. lactate and NAD⁺.

2. Suppose you have a protein composed of two identical but interacting subunits. According to the sequential model of allosteric interactions,

a. the protein might occur in either the TT, RT, or RR states.

b. the ligand can bind to the protein only if a subunit is in the R state.

c. the protein might occur in either the TT or RR states.

d. the protein would have a greater affinity for substrate if both subunits were in the TT state.

3. An aqueous solution that has a pH of 4.56 would have a [H⁺] concentration of:

a. 4.56 mM

b. 27.5 μM

c. 0.0104 M

d. 2.75 mM

4. During the degradation of a C₁₇ fatty acid (H₃C-(CH₂)₁₅-COO^-) by β-oxidation, the products will include:

a. 8 acetyl-CoA + CO₂ + 14 NADH

b. 9 acetyl-CoA + 8 NADH + 8 FADH₂

c. 7 acetyl-CoA + propionyl-CoA + 7 NADPH + 7 FADH₂

d. 7 acetyl-CoA + propionyl-CoA + 7 NADH + 7 FADH₂

Fill in Blank With one of Bolded Parenthesis

The a-vO2 difference is (minimized/maximized) during maximal intensity exercise because arterial oxygen extraction (unloading) is (increased/decreased) at the skeletal muscle capillary beds to meet the match the (increased/decreased) demand for oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor in the oxidative synthesis of ATP.

During exercise, (increases/decreases) _______________ in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and (increases/decreases) _______________ in the pH of the blood cause the central and peripheral chemoreceptors to send (afferent/efferent) nerve signals to the respiratory control center of the brain.

The aerobic capacity (VO2 max) (increases/decreases) _________________ with increases in altitude. Thus, any submaximal work represents a (greater/lesser)________________percentage of one’s total capacity. In other words, a given submaximal work level requires the same metabolic adaptations that would otherwise occur during exercise at a (higher/lower) __________%VO2max that is performed at sea-level.

The a-vO2 difference is (minimized/maximized) _________________during maximal intensity exercise because arterial oxygen extraction (unloading) is (increased/decreased) _________________ at the skeletal muscle capillary beds to meet the match the (increased/decreased) _________________ demand for oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor in the oxidative synthesis of ATP.

Choose correct bolded parenthesis for question statement

The a-vO2 difference is (minimized/maximized) during maximal intensity exercise because arterial oxygen extraction (unloading) is (increased/decreased) at the skeletal muscle capillary beds to meet the match the (increased/decreased) demand for oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor in the oxidative synthesis of ATP.

1.List the most likely physiological causes of the ventilatory threshold (Tvent):

2.The a-vO2 difference is (minimized/maximized) _________________during maximal intensity exercise because arterial oxygen extraction (unloading) is (increased/decreased) _________________ at the skeletal muscle capillary beds to meet the match the (increased/decreased) _________________ demand for oxygen to act as a final electron acceptor in the oxidative synthesis of ATP.
12. During upright graded exercise, the stroke volume reaches its maximum value at approximately ______% of the aerobic capacity (VO2 max).

As a result of training, which of the following occurs? (Mark ALL that apply)

41. Does autonomic innervation enable different patterns ofregional blood flow within the body? (a) yes, or (b) no.

42. Can the opposing effects of norepinephrine within vascularsmooth muscle, i.e. vasoconstriction versus vasodilation, beexplained in terms of different types of adrenergic receptors and2nd messenger pathways? (a) yes, (b) no.

43. The table below outlines qualities of arterial blood in ourmodel animal.

What would happen to blood pressure if autonomic innervation ofarterial smooth muscle abruptly stopped? (a) no effect, (b) slighteffect, (c) sudden decrease.

44. Regional changes in blood flow occurred during our casestudy. Where did the greatest increase in blood flow occur? (a)CNS, (b) skeletal muscle, (c) liver, or (d) alimentary canal.

45. Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study as theresult of an autonomic reflex. In this case, what induced thereflex? (a) an external stimulus, (b) an internal condition, or (c)the animal

Animal Physiology-

25. Where are Clarke's columns found within the cord?(a) cervical (b) thoracolumbar (c) pelvic

26. Do Clarke's columns contain motor neurons? yes or no

27. All autonomic pre-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

28. All parasympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

29. The post-ganglionic motor neurons found in the paravertebral ganglion chains are: (a) adrenergic (b) cholinergic (c) glutamatergic

42. Neurosecretion from adrenergic autonomic motor neurons can induce different outcomes in differentlocations. This phenomenon can be explained in terms of the type of adrenergic receptor found on vascularsmooth muscle cells and the 2nd messenger pathway operative within. Which receptor enablesvasoconstriction?(a) alpha-adrenergic receptor (b) beta-adrenergic receptor

44. Blood flow into skeletal muscle increased during the case study. Did blood flow to the CNS change duringthe case study? yes or no

45. Heartbeat frequency increased during the case study. Was this initiated by the limbic system? yes or no

54. Blood flow through skeletal muscle increased during the case study. This was due to vasodilation ofarterioles, increased heartbeat frequency, and vasoconstriction of arterioles within the alimentary canal. Thesephenomena occurred in response to motor output from the CNS at the level of the: (a) cranial nerves (b) thoracolumbar cord (c) cranial nerves and thoracolumbar cord

55. Increased cardiac output depends upon two variables: stroke volume and heartbeat frequency. Increasedstroke volume results when the myocardium reacts to increased venous return. In contrast, heartbeatfrequency increases in response to increased sympathetic tone on pacemaker cells within the sinoatrial node. How does increased norepinephrine secretion affect pacemaker cells? (a) decreases the duration of the pacemaker potential (b) decreases the duration of the action potential (c) lowers threshold potential

51. Where are the neurons that orchestrate regional patterns ofblood flow? (a) hypothalamus, (b) vasomotor center, or (c)intermediolateral nuclei.

52. The case study involved increased rates of energyconsumption, carbon dioxide production, and internal heat releaserelative to basal predicted rates. Did these changes affect thequality of arterial blood at any point in the case study? (a) yes,or (b) no.

53. Does the quality of arterial blood change significantly overthe life span of a healthy animal? (a) yes, or (b) no.

54. Consider the legs of our model animal. Blood flow throughskeletal muscle capillary beds increased during the case study.This phenomenon can be explained by: (a) upstream vasodilation ofarterioles, (b) increased heartbeat frequency, (c) vasoconstrictionof arterioles within the alimentary canal, or (d) all of theabove.

55. Increased cardiac output depends upon two variables: strokevolume and heartbeat frequency. Increased stroke volume resultswhen the myocardium reacts to increased venous return. In contrast,heartbeat frequency increases in response to autonomic innervation,which serves to decrease the duration of: (a) myocardial actionpotentials, (b) the pacemaker potential, or (c) pacemaker cellaction potentials.

56. What increased the contractile force of the heart? (a)innervation of the sinoatrial node, (b) innervation of themyocardium, or (c) innervation of the myocardium and adrenalin fromthe bloodstream.

57. What does increased blood flow through skeletal muscleenable during exertion? (a) increased rate of oxygen delivery, (b)increased rate of CO2 removal, (c) increased rate of heat transfer,or (d) all of the above.

58. What is the by-product of anaerobic glycolysis within whitemuscle fibers? (a) heat, (b) carbon dioxide, or (c) lacticacid.

59. Increased carbon dioxide production accompanies aerobicexertion. Where does most of this arise within an animal? (a) CNS,(b) heart, or (c) skeletal muscle.

60. Carbon dioxide within the bloodstream is a: (a) dissolvedgas, (b) dehydrated volatile acid, (c) a buffer system component,or (d) all of the above.

61. Approximately 75% of the carbon dioxide produced bymitochondria is carried in the bloodstream as bicarbonate. Theformation of this anion depends upon erythrocyte carbonicanhydrase. How would the pH of venous blood be affected if carbonicanhydrase was not within the erythrocyte proteome? (a) increasedpH, (b) decreased pH of venous blood, or (c) no effect.

What directly contributes to the changes in pH that occur during exercise?

Dr. Dubernard's facial transplant is considered?

A. A medical success despite his questionable motivations

B. A medical failure despite his honorable intentions

C. A medical success and the result of unquestionable motivations

D. A medical failure and the result of questionable motivations

Within two years of Dr. Barnard's heart transplant surgery:

Which of the following structures has direct communication with the nasal cavity of the upper respiratory tract?

a. lacrimal ducts

b. alveoli

c. bronchioles

d. trachea

Which of the following preventive measures is most likely to prevent viral diseases of the respiratory system?

a. annual vaccines

b. hand washing

c. drinking water

d. taking prophylactic antibiotics

Which of the following structures is not part of the respiratory zone?

1-Respiratory bronchioles

2-Alveoli

3-Alveolar ducts

4-Terminal bronchioles

The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called

1-terminal bronchioles.

2-alveolar pores.

3-alveolar ducts.

4-alveolar sacs.

Which of the following is NOT a major function of lipids?

A. Membrane fluidity

B. Hormone precursor

C. Detergent Precursor

D. Glycogen Precursor

E. Regulatory and signaling molecules

Which of the studies below provide evidence linking genes and behavior? (Check all that apply)

A. Fruit flies that are mutant for the gene period have impaired circadian rhytms.

B. A strain of weave mice, with a mutation in a potassium channel, have a severe ataxic gait.

C. Mice mutant for the gene sonic hedgehog have dramatic facial structure abnormalities.

D. Two lines of mice were created by repeatedly selecting for high or low anxiety. After multiple generation, the high linewas reliably more anxious than the low line.

E. Twin studies comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins have found significant heritability for aggression.

The ECG of a patient in the emergency facility is marked by the absence of P waves.

a) As his doctor, what is your diagnosis for this patient?

b) What treatment would you order for this patient?( Nothing to fancy just something standard)

c) Calcaute the cardiac reserve (CR) for this athlete using the information in the table below. Show your calcautions.

Based on the calcuated (CR), what type of exercise regimen would you recommend for this patient? Why? Defend your answer.

What types of sexually dimorphic characters help males compete to secure reproductive suceess? (Check all that apply)

A. The baculum

B. large size

C. Antlers

D. large teeth

E. Longer tails

F. Horns

An immune response against a species of enteric bacteria might be directed against all of the following EXCEPT __________

exotoxin molecules

type III secretion system

proteins capsule

polysaccharides hemolysins

The major sign of pertussis occurs during which of the following phases of the disease?

The major sign of pertussis occurs during which of the following phases of the disease?

Missense mutations that have neutral effects

(a) frequently occur at the second codon position

(b) sometimes occur at the first codon position

(c) never change the amino acid sequence of the resulting peptide

(d) b and c

(e) a and b

Which of these sequence pairs represent signature(s) of a transposable element?

(a) 5′ACTACT3′, 3′ACTACT5′

(b) 5′ACTACT3′, 5′ACTACT3′

(c) 5′ACTACT3′, 5′AGTAGT3′

(d) 5′ACTACT3′, 3′AGTAGT5′

(e) b and c

1. Competitive binding for host nutrients is a mechanism employed by which of the following S. aureus factors?

A. fur regulator

B. siderophores

C. catalase

D. coagulase

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of nutritional immunity?

A. mcrophages pumping ferrous iron (Fe2+) out of their phagosomes

B. human serum protiens binding hemoglobins and free heme released from lysed red blood cells

C. S. aureus transcriptional repressor protien Fur sensing iron- poor conditions

D. lactoferrin sequestering free ferric iron (fe3+) on mucosal surfaces