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1. Organelles within a cell primarily are organized by which cytoskeletal filament system?

A. Intermediate filaments B. Microfilaments C. Microtubules

2. If an antibiotic moves from the outside of a Gram Negative bacterium without a halo into the cytoplasm, what is the correct order of the cell wall features that it crosses?

I. Lipopolysaccharide membrane

II. Capsule

III. Plasma Membrane

IV. Peptidoglycan

3. If sodium chloride is dissolved in water, how will the nearest water molecules be oriented around the sodium atoms?

A. The water molecules will form an ice-like structure since sodium is non-polar

B. The water molecules will prefer to point their oxygen atoms towards the Sodium

C. The water molecules will prefer to point their hydrogen atoms towards the sodium

D. The water molecules will be largely just hydrogen bond to each other like bulk water

1) The hydroxyl (OH^-) concentration of a solution with a pH of 8 would be 10^-6 molar.

True or False

2) The atomic number of an atom is

A: the number of protons in the atom.

B: the number of neutrons in the atom.

C: the number of protons plus the number of electrons in the atom.

D: the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom.

E:None of these choices are correct.

3) An example of one of the ways a pH buffer helps to maintain homeostasis is to

A: reduce the OH^- concentration if pH decreases.

B: reduce the H⁺ concentration if pH decreases.

C: reduce the H⁺ concentration if pH increases.

D: increase the OH^- concentration if pH increases.

E: increase the H⁺ concentration if pH decreases.

4) The smallest functional unit and associated structures of a living organism are

A: molecules and their atoms, bonds, and electrons.

B: proteins and amino acids.

C: water made of hydrogen and oxygen.

D: cells with nucleus, mitochondria, and ER.

E: atoms and their protons, neutrons, and electrons.

5) A significant role played by pH buffers is to

A: prevent fluctuations in the acidity of solutions.

B: increase the strength of acids and bases.

C: prevent fluctuations in the salinity of solutions.

D: limit major shifts in the amount of H⁺ and OH^- in solution.

E: keep pH low.

6) The addition of a strong acid like HCl to an aqueous solution would result in

A: the release of H⁺ into the solution.

B: an increase in pH.

C: a decrease in pH.

D: both the release of H⁺ and an increase in pH.

E: both the release of H⁺ and a decrease in pH.

7) Five unknown compounds are added to water. Four of the compounds go into solution while one does not. What property does water possess that allows these four compounds to dissolve? Why might the fifth compound not dissolve?

A: The positive and negative charge in water will dissolve many substances; the substance is not structurally similar to water.

B: The nonpolar quality of water dissolves many substances; the substance is not structurally similar to water.

C: The positive charge of water dissolves many substances; the substance is too structurally similar to water.

D: The negative charge of water dissolves many substances; the substance is too structurally similar to water.

8) What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons?

A: ionic

B: electrostatic

C: polar covalent

D: hydrogen

E: nonpolar covalent

2) The atomic number of an atom is

A: the number of protons in the atom.

B: the number of neutrons in the atom.

C: the number of protons plus the number of electrons in the atom.

D: the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the atom.

E:None of these choices are correct.

3) An example of one of the ways a pH buffer helps to maintain homeostasis is to

A: reduce the OH- concentration if pH decreases.

B: reduce the H+ concentration if pH decreases.

C: reduce the H+ concentration if pH increases.

D: increase the OH- concentration if pH increases.

E: increase the H+ concentration if pH decreases.

4) The smallest functional unit and associated structures of a living organism are

A: molecules and their atoms, bonds, and electrons.

B: proteins and amino acids.

C: water made of hydrogen and oxygen.

D: cells with nucleus, mitochondria, and ER.

E: atoms and their protons, neutrons, and electrons.

5) A significant role played by pH buffers is to

A: prevent fluctuations in the acidity of solutions.

B: increase the strength of acids and bases.

C: prevent fluctuations in the salinity of solutions.

D: limit major shifts in the amount of H+ and OH- in solution.

E: keep pH low.

6) The addition of a strong acid like HCl to an aqueous solution would result in

A: the release of H+ into the solution.

B: an increase in pH.

C: a decrease in pH.

D: both the release of H+ and an increase in pH.

E: both the release of H+ and a decrease in pH.

7) Five unknown compounds are added to water. Four of the compounds go into solution while one does not. What property does water possess that allows these four compounds to dissolve? Why might the fifth compound not dissolve?

A: The positive and negative charge in water will dissolve many substances; the substance is not structurally similar to water.

B: The nonpolar quality of water dissolves many substances; the substance is not structurally similar to water.

C: The positive charge of water dissolves many substances; the substance is too structurally similar to water.

D: The negative charge of water dissolves many substances; the substance is too structurally similar to water.

8) What type of bonds form from the unequal sharing of electrons?

A: ionic

B: electrostatic

C: polar covalent

D: hydrogen

E: nonpolar covalent

(Choose all that are correct) Which of these statement(s) is/are correct about pH?

What is the concentration of a hydrogen ion in a solution with a pH of 6.2? what is the [OH-] concentration?

(Choose all that are correct) Which of these statement(s) is/are correct about pH?

1.) What is pH and how do we measure it?

2.) At a pH of 7, how does the concentration of hydrogen ions compare to the concentration of hydroxide ions?

3.) Refer to the pH table in the pdf document. What is the pH of a solution with 10-5 hydrogen ion concentration? Will this solution be an acid or a base?

4.) Refer to the pH table in the pdf document. What is the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution at pH 10. Is this an acid or a base?

A solution with a pH of 10

a. Has a hydrogen ion concentration [H+ ] of 10^10 M

b. Has a hydroxide ion concentration [OH] of 10^4 M

c. Has twice as many H+ s as a solution at pH 8

d. Has 10× as many H+ s as a solution at pH 11

can you please explain how you could find the answer?

Question 1

The energy from catabolic pathways is used to synthesize which bonds in ATP?

Question 2

What is the key difference between the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide in a calorimeter and the biological oxidation of glucose in the human body?

Question 3

Catabolic pathways:

Question 4

What is the primary reducing agent in anabolic reactions?

Question 5

An average human has enough dedicated protein energy storage reserves to survive for:

Question 6

Which of the following is a typical product of catabolic pathways?

45. The catalysis mechanism used by lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls is

acid–base catalysis.

covalent catalysis.

metal cofactor redox catalysis.

induced strain.

unknown.

46. Competitive inhibitors of enzymes work by

fitting into the active site.

fitting into a site other than the active site.

altering the shape of the enzyme.

changing the enzyme into an inactive form.

increasing the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

47. Nerve gases such as Sarin and malathion

block specific chemical transformations by inactivating specific enzymes.

have reversible effects on animals.

are proteins with a primary structure.

block the energy coupling cycle of ATP.

bond covalently to the active site of the enzyme.

48. How do competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors differ?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors change the shape of the active site.

Competitive inhibitors have a higher energy of activation than noncompetitive inhibitors have.

They function at different pH values.

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors contain magnesium, whereas competitive inhibitors contain iron.

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors are reversible, whereas competitive inhibitors are irreversible.

45. The catalysis mechanism used by lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls is

acid–base catalysis.

covalent catalysis.

metal cofactor redox catalysis.

induced strain.

unknown.

46. Competitive inhibitors of enzymes work by

fitting into the active site.

fitting into a site other than the active site.

altering the shape of the enzyme.

changing the enzyme into an inactive form.

increasing the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.

47. Nerve gases such as Sarin and malathion

block specific chemical transformations by inactivating specific enzymes.

have reversible effects on animals.

are proteins with a primary structure.

block the energy coupling cycle of ATP.

bond covalently to the active site of the enzyme.

48. How do competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors differ?

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, whereas noncompetitive inhibitors change the shape of the active site.

Competitive inhibitors have a higher energy of activation than noncompetitive inhibitors have.

They function at different pH values.

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors contain magnesium, whereas competitive inhibitors contain iron.

Noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors are reversible, whereas competitive inhibitors are irreversible.

Which of the following is a primary function of the active site of an enzyme? a.) It binds noncompetitive inhibitors of the enzyme. b.) It catalyzes the reaction associated with the enzyme. c.) It is activated by the presence of the end product of the metabolic pathway in which the enzyme is involved.

In the aftermath of the Oklahoma tornadoes, patients weretreated in emergency clinics for a variety of conditions:

Sid-bleeding heavily, blood pressure dangerously low

Sally-hysterial hyerpcentilation, alkalosis, bording onasphyxia

Vic-disoreinted; blood volume and pressure low, but plasmaosmoality=320 mOsm

The solutions available for IV treatement at your clinicwere:

a. normal saline

b. d5W (5% dextrose in water)

c. d5-0.45% saline

d. 0.45% saline

1. Compared to normal body conditons (osmailirty=300 mOsm)solution c is:

A. hyperosmotic by hyptonic

b. hyperosmotic but isotonic

c. isosmotic by hypotonic

d. isosmotic and isotonic

2. write the ltter of the best solution, or write none if nonapply. Which solution is most appropate as threatment for:

sid_____ sally ______ vic________

3. which solutions could produce the following when applied toan indivudal with osmolarity= 300 mOsm.

ECF volume increasess ECf osmolairty decreases, icf volumesdecreases, icf osmolarity decreases

explain:

4. Sid as the following measrements: D2O volumes= 45 L inulinvolume=15.5 L plasma osmolairty= 300 mOsm.

Suppose he lost 0.75 L of blood, before the medics at anotherclinic administered an IV containing 1 L of d5-0.9% saline.

a. if 100% of dextrose moves into his cells, by how much doesICF solute increase?

b. what is his icf osmolairty after additon of the IVsolution?

Define the following terms that can be used to describe what effect a solution has on living cells: hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic. Consider normal saline (used for IV solutions); it contains 150 mM NaCl. What is the osmolarity of normal saline? Use one of the terms in a sentence to describe how normal saline affects cells in the human body.

1. True or False- The Diffusion of a solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration requires ATP and is not affected by temperature changes.

2. True or False- Osmosis is associated with the net movement of water, from a region of low to high solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane.

3. Which ion is most responsible for the initial change (depolarization) in membrane potential during the action potential?

A. Na+

B. K+

C. Ca++.

D. Cl-

Consider the following solutions: I contains 150 mM KCl II contains 100 mM NaCl + 50 mM KCl III contains 100 mM NaCl + 200 mM of a small non-polar molecule IV contains only 200 mM of a small lipid soluble molecule 2 Comparing the tonicities of these solutions, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution IV

B Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution I

C Solution IV is hypotonic compared with Solution I

D Solution III is hypotonic compared with Solution II

E Solutions I and II are isotonic

Which of the following statements regarding proteins that form pores in the cell membrane is INCORRECT?

A Transporter proteins are important for terminating the synaptic action of most neurotransmitters, including glutamate and dopamine

B Transporters can mediate facilitated diffusion or active transport

C Ion channels are specific such that a particular channel may allow facilitated diffusion of, for example, Na+ ions, but not K+ ions

D Voltage-gated Na+ channels allow active transport of Na+ ions out of cells to establish the negative membrane potential

E Aquaporins allow facilitated diffusion of water across the cell membrane

Background for Q2 Consider the following solutions:

I. contains 150 mM KCl
II. contains 100 mM NaCl + 50 mM KCl
III. contains 100 mM NaCl + 200 mM of a small non-polar molecule
IV. contains only 200 mM of a small lipid soluble molecule

2. Comparing the tonicities of these solutions, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? [2 marks]

A. Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution IV
B. Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution I
C. Solution IV is hypotonic compared with Solution I
D Solution III is hypotonic compared with Solution II
E. Solutions I and II are isotonic

Can you please explain in detail which answer is correct and why and why the other ones are wrong!! Thankyou in advance :)

Which of the following statements about the cell membrane and diffusion is CORRECT?

A The central region of the cell membrane consists of hydrophilic fatty acids tails

B Lipophilic molecules diffuse through the cell membrane more easily than lipophobic molecules

C Phospholipids in the cell membrane have a hydrophobic phosphate head

D Ions easily diffuse through the cell membrane because they are small

E Large hydrophobic molecules diffuse more quickly across the cell membrane than small hydrophobic molecules

Consider the following solutions: I contains 150 mM KCl II contains 100 mM NaCl + 50 mM KCl III contains 100 mM NaCl + 200 mM of a small non-polar molecule IV contains only 200 mM of a small lipid soluble molecule 2 Comparing the tonicities of these solutions, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution IV

B Solution III is hypertonic compared with Solution I

C Solution IV is hypotonic compared with Solution I

D Solution III is hypotonic compared with Solution II

E Solutions I and II are isotonic

Which of the following statements regarding proteins that form pores in the cell membrane is INCORRECT?

A Transporter proteins are important for terminating the synaptic action of most neurotransmitters, including glutamate and dopamine

B Transporters can mediate facilitated diffusion or active transport

C Ion channels are specific such that a particular channel may allow facilitated diffusion of, for example, Na+ ions, but not K+ ions

D Voltage-gated Na+ channels allow active transport of Na+ ions out of cells to establish the negative membrane potential

E Aquaporins allow facilitated diffusion of water across the cell membrane

NaCl is a nonpenetrating solute and urea is a penetrating solute for cells. Red blood cells are placed in each of the solutions below. The intracellular concentration of nonpenetrating solute is 300 mOsM. What will happen to the cell volume in each solution? Label each solution with all the terms that apply: hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic, isosmotic

150 mM NaCl plus 150 mM urea

100 mM NaCl plus 50 mM urea

100 mM NaCl plus 100 mM urea

150 mM NaCl plus 100 mM urea

100 mM NaCl plus 150 mM urea

. Glucose and NaCl are DIFFERENT in that:

a. an isosmotic solution of glucose is hypotonic rather than isotonic

b. glucose is metabolized by the cell

c. NaCl is completely non-penetrating

d. two are correct

e. all three are correct

Which statements are true regarding osmolarity & tonicity? Choose all correct.

a. A hypertonic solution may be hyposmotic, isosmotic, or hyperosmotic

b. Tonicity takes into account the nature of particles in a solution

c. By definition, a solution in which the cell swells is a hypotonic solution.

d. Normal body osmolarity is exactly 300 mOsM.

Chapter. 6 - Review ActivitiesQ. 6 : Which of these statements comparing a .05 m(molality) NaCl solution to a 1.0m(molality) glucose solution is true?a. they have the same osmolalityb. they have the same osmotic pressurec. they are isotonic to each otherd. all of these are true

Deregulation includes reducing governmental control over some aspects of private industry, while increasing control of others.

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Question 25 pts

Which of the following is presented in the text as an issue about which reputable economists might disagree?

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Question 35 pts

One measurement of economic prosperity is

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Question 45 pts

Economics competition can have which of the following negative effects on a domestic economy?

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In a centrally planned economy, decisions are made by

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Question 65 pts

An example of a company that uses financial markets to raise money is

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Which of the following is an example of technological change?

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Question 85 pts

The income and wealth gap in the United States has

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China and India have economically prospered recently by introducing

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Question 105 pts

Renewable energy sources provided _____% of U.S. needs as of 2009.

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For the United States, one important benefit of foreign trade is

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Gross domestic product is

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Question 135 pts

Deregulation in the United States began with what industry in the 1970s?

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Question 145 pts

Can economic competition be viewed as a positive force for growth and progress?

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Question 155 pts

The textbook says that which of the following is among the key forces shaping today's economy?

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The most consistent force for economic growth and progress is

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Question 175 pts

The gross domestic product is the dollar value of all goods and services produced by the economy.

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Question 185 pts

Technological change has always been the critical factor in raising living standards, even going as far back as the development of the __________.

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Question 195 pts

The textbook says that which of the following is among the key forces shaping today's economy?

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Question 205 pts

A centrally planned economy encourages investment and innovation.

Someone please help!

Question 15 pts

Besides the gross domestic product, another measure of how well an economy is doing is:

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Question 25 pts

Technological change is a key force in shaping today's economy.

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Question 35 pts

Which of the following is an example of technological change?

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Federal taxes have which of the following effects on the economy?

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China and India have economically prospered recently by introducing

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The influx of inexpensive, reliable cars from Japan in the 1980s forced domestic producers to

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In a centrally planned economy, decisions are made by

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Question 85 pts

An example of a company that uses financial markets to raise money is

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Top-down management of an economy by the government has consistently

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Economics is the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments make decisions and make trade-offs in the face of scarce resources.

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Globalization is the increasing exchange of goods, services, ideas, and people among a small community.

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Supply and demand are examples of

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Question 135 pts

Economics competition can have which of the following negative effects on a domestic economy?

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Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping began what process in the 1980s?

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One measurement of economic prosperity is

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Suppose the government decides to eliminate some, but not all, of the rules that govern how investment banks conduct their business. This would be an example of

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Nuclear power in the United States turned out to be

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Question 185 pts

What is one reason why countries are more interconnected today?

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Question 195 pts

Which of the following is NOT part of an economy's financial market?

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Question 205 pts

History suggests that economic competition is the most consistent force for economic growth and progress.

83. If there are $5 million in excess reserves in the U.S. banking system and the required reserve ratio is 20 percent, then the most the money supply can increase is
A) $25 million.
B) $5 million.
C) $20 million.
D) $0.

84. If the required reserve ratio is 10 percent, total deposits are $100 billion, banks decide they want to keep 10 percent of their deposit as reserves, and the Fed buys $5 billion in governmnt securities, the money supply will
A) increase by $25 billion.
B) increase by $5 billion since the security purchase increases the money supply directly. However, there will be no new loans and no further expansion of the money supply.
C) not change because the banks will make no loans.
D) decrease by $25 billion.

87. If the interest rate increases, the
A) money demand curve will shift to the right.
B) money demand curve will shift to the left.
C) quantity of money demanded will remain unchanged.
D) quantity of money demanded will fall.

1. According to liquidity preference theory, if the quantity of money supplied is greater than the quantity demanded, then the interest rate will

a. increase and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.

b. increase and the quantity of money demanded will increase.

c. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will decrease.

d. decrease and the quantity of money demanded will increase.

2. Fiscal policy makers are working to increase Aggregate Demand to the greatest extent they can. They have $100 Billion dollars at their disposal. If the Marginal Propensity to Consume is 2/3, then ceteris paribus, the most appropriate policy recommendation these individuals can and should make would be:

a. Reduce net exports by $100 Billion

b. Increase the Money Supply by $100 Billion.

c. Increase Government Purchases by $100 Billion

d. Cut taxes by $100 Billion

1. There is a surplus (excess supply) in a market for a product when: A) the increase in supply is greater than the increase in demand. B) the increase in demand is greater than the increase in supply. C) quantity demanded is less than quantity supplied. D) quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied. 2. GDP in an economy is $12185 billion. Consumer expenditures are $8,735 billion, government purchases are $2,050 billion, and gross investment is $1,500 billion. Net exports are: A) + $50 billion. B) - $45 billion. C) - $100 billion. D) - $130 billion.

3. GDP excludes:
A) the market value of unpaid work in the home.
B) the production of services.
C) the production of nondurable goods.
D) positive changes in inventories.

7. "Economic growth" has occurred if the

A) inflation rate between this year and last year is zero or less.

B) GDP this year exceeds the Real GDP this year.

C) unemployment rate this year is above the natural rate of unemployment.

D) Real GDP or per-capita Real GDP this year exceeds those of last year.

8. If the marginal cost of producing an iPad is constant at $65, then Apple should produce this item

A) only if the marginal benefit it receives is greater than $65 plus an acceptable profit margin.

B) as long as the marginal benefit it receives is just equal to or greater than $65.

C) as long as its marginal cost does not rise.

D) until the marginal benefit it receives reaches zero.

9. Suppose that homemakers are included as employed in the labor force statistics, rather than being counted as out of the labor force. This would

A) increase the measured unemployment rate.

B) increase the measured labor force participation rate.

C) decrease the number of persons in the labor force.

D) decrease the number of persons in the working-age population.

10. Suppose consumption increases at each price level. As a result, aggregate demand __________, and the AD curve shifts __________.

A) increases; leftward

B) decreases; leftward

C) increases; rightward

D) decreases; rightward

11. Short run equilibrium exists

A) where the AD curve intersects the short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve.

B) where the AD curve intersects the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve.

C) on the AD curve only.

D) on the SRAS curve only.

12. Here is a consumption function: C = C₀ + MPC(Y_d). If MPC is 0.75, then we know that

A) as Y_d rises by $1, Co rises by $0.75.

B) as Y_d rises by $1, C rises by $0.75.

C) Y_d rises by $0.75.

D) as C₀ rises by $0.75, Y_d rises by $1.

Question 162 pts

Assume that taxes are constant. If the government borrows $17 billion in new funds and has a budget deficit of $35 billion, then the central bank has to:

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Question 172 pts

An inefficient manufacturing base is likely to result when:

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Question 182 pts

Assume that an unemployed person expects inflation to be 4.5 percent. In reality, inflation turns out to be 2.9 percent. If wage expectations lag behind actual price changes:

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Question 192 pts

By the late 1990s, the growth rate of total factor productivity in the United States _____.

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Question 202 pts

Because of the absolutism concept of poverty, a poor family in the United States will fall within the same category as a poor family in Cuba.

Question 62 pts

An inward-oriented strategy is designed to:

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Question 72 pts

A sudden technological breakthrough in an economy would:

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Question 82 pts

A look at macroeconomic data across countries reveals that when economies experience recessions, unemployment rates rise, but wages fall very little, if at all. Which of the following is most likely to support this observation?

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Question 92 pts

A country is strongly inward-oriented if exports are clearly discouraged by controls to isolate and protect the domestic market.

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Question 102 pts

According to the long-run Phillips curve, which of the following will be the end result of an expansionary monetary policy when unemployment is at its natural rate?