astrodabber

Identify the statements that accurately describe how hydrogenion concentration relates to energy production in oxidativephosphorylation.

1) ATP synthase provides energy in the form of ATP to activelytransport H into the mitochondrial matrix.

2) The pH in the mitochondrial matrix is lower than the pH inthe intermembrane space.

3) ATP synthase forms a channel for hydrogen ions to enter themitochondrial matrix and couples the energy gained from thediffusion of hydrogen ions to the release of ATP.

4) Hydrogen ion concentration is higher in the intermembranespace than in the mitochondrial matrix.

5) Energy is generated as a result of the difference in hydrogenion concentration between the mitochondrial matrix and thecytoplasm.

6) Hydrogen ions enter the mitochondrial matrix via facilitateddiffusion (facilitated transport).

1. Suppose you are purifying a protein on a weak cationexchanger (pH 7.5) and it comes off at 300mM salt. predict whatsalt concentraiton (lower, same, higher) the protein would come offif you used a strong cation exchanger. Explain the logic behindyour prediction in terms of the differences between aweak and strong exchanger.

2. Suppose you arepurifying a protein on a strong anion exchanger (pH6.5) and itcomes off at 0 mM salt. Predict where the protein will elute off ifyou were using a strong cation exchanger. Explain the logic behindyour prediction.

1. Suppose you are purifying a protein on a weak cationexchanger (pH 7.5) and it comes off at 300mM salt. predict whatsalt concentraiton (lower, same, higher) the protein would come offif you used a strong cation exchanger. Explain the logic behindyour prediction in terms of the differences between aweak and strong exchanger.

2. Suppose you are purifying a protein on astrong anion exchanger (pH6.5) and it comes off at 0 mM salt.Predict where the protein will elute off if you were using a strongcation exchanger. Explain the logic behind yourprediction.

The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule yields 30 or moreATP. Glucose catabolism includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation,and the citric acid cycle. The total yield of ATP includes ATP,GTP, and reduced cofactors that yield ATP from the electrontransport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Which of thefollowing processes yields the most ATP? When determining the ATPyield for each process, include ATP derived from reducedcofactors.

I) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

II) citric acid cycle

III) glycolysis

How much water is used to create a gallon of gasoline, transportit, and drive one mile in a car?

I am curious and have done lots of research on the subject butseem to be coming up short on my conversions.

Two protein kinases, PK1 and PK2, work sequentially in anintracellular signaling pathway. You create cells that containinactivating mutations in the genes that encode either PK1 or PK2and find that these cells no longer respond to a particularextracellular signal. You also create cells containing a version ofPK1 that is permanently active and find that the cells behave asthough they are receiving the signal even when the signal is notpresent. When you introduce the permanently active version of PK1into cells that have an inactivating mutation in PK2, you find thatthese cells also behave as though they are receiving the signaleven when no signal is present.

From these results, does PK1 activate PK2, or does PK2 activatePK1?

Explain your answer.

The microtubule and actin microfilament cytoskeletonsuse molecular motors for transporting cargo (vesicles, organelles)through the cytosol. Speculate on why two families of motors(kinesin and dynein) are associated with microtubule-basedtransport, while only one family of motors (myosin) is associatedwith actin microfilament function has only one. Drawings may beused to help your explanation.

5'...caugauaaGUagcgcu....guuccAccguu.....uucugcAGauuucaugau...3'

make a simple line diagram of the lariat structure of thediscarded intron for most of the RNA sampling strand and showingthe location of all 5 nucleotides that are in bold typeface above.label and loose ends of the structure 3' or 5'

What goes in/comes out of the 5 core biochemicalpathways (Glycolysis, Entner-Doudoroff, Hexose monophosphate shunt,TCA, and Calvin cycle)? Why might a bacterium choose one pathwayover another?

Ebony is a 7-year-old child who didnt feel well and wascomplaining of a sore throat. By the next morning, Ebony had abright red tongue and a rash across her chest. Her mom took herinto the clinic and the doctor there found that the disease wascaused by Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains. (a) Whatinfection does Ebony likely have? What bacteria cause this disease?(10 pts.) (b) Is this a primary infection, secondary infection, ornosocomial infection? Why? What was the reservoir for this microbe?(10 pts.) (c) Would this be classified as a communicable or anoncommunicable disease? Why? In which disease category would thisdisease fall: acute, chronic, subacute, or latent? Why?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects burn patientsand people with cystic fibrosis. This organism produces a toxincalled exotoxin A that inactivates elongation factors in eukaryoticcells. (a) What role do elongation factors play in eukaryoticcells? (6 pts.) (b) What effect would inactivating elongationfactors have on a eukaryotic cell? Why?

For my biology class, we have to do a project on the origin ofstructures of fruits like apples.

2 questions I have:

What flower structure did the apple endocarp form from? (areasurrounding the apple seeds)?

What flower structure did the apple exocarp form from?

Any links with information would be very much appreciated.

Doubling the characteristic dimension of a cell means that agiven molecule, when introduced inside the cell, will take ___times longer to be found at any other llocation within the cell'svolume.

2.Approximatley how often do a pair of molecules, wach 9mm indiameter, each with a diffusion coefficient of 8^-10 m^2/s, come incontact with one another inside a bacterium 5 um in diameter?

3.A phospholoid molecule is at least how much more likely tochange places with another phospholiped in its own layer versus aswitching to the opposing side of the bilayer?

4. What is the efficiency of the ATP recharging motor?

1. Delivery of oxygen to the tissues involves several organs.Describe how the entire process, including all organs involved, canbe altered by the sympathetic nervous division.

1. ) How does the maximum flow rate during the cough compare tothe forced expiratory flow rate during forced breathing?

2. ) How does the volume of air expelled during a cough compareto the subject

Need brieft synopsis about water contamination at Camp Lejeunefrom Senator Hagan's aspect; and how you want the senator to voteon this issue about Agency for Toxic Substances and DiseaseRegistry's and why you want the senator to vote this way. So thereare 3 questions to be answered.

which of these causes inhalation/inspiration?

A) increase in the curvature (upward movement) of thediaphragm

B) movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction ofthe internal intercostal muscles

C) flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm

D) contraction of the abdominal muscles

E) alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure

If the demands for O2 and CO2 are the same in either bodyposition, should tidal volume and breathing rate be affected bybody position? Do you see this?

10. Would you expect any difference in the levels of O2 and CO2in the exhaled air of a subject who is standing or lying down?

1.) If the blood pressure in all pulmonary capillaries is thesame, would you expect the capillaries to be open or collapsed?

2.) If all pulmonary capillaries are open when lying down, whatis the functional effect on the diffusion of O2 and CO2?

1.) If some capillaries are collapsed, what is the functionaleffect on the diffusion of O2 and CO2?

2.) . Would you expect any difference in capillary bloodpressures in the apex or in the base of the lungs in a subject whois lying down?

1.) Would the blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries at thebottom of a lung be the same as the blood pressure in thecapillaries at the top of a lung in the standing individual? Whicharea would have the lower blood pressure?

2.) With the answer to Question 1 in mind, if lower bloodpressure allows more pulmonary capillaries to be open, where in thelung would you expect to find more collapsed capillaries, at thebase or at the apex?

During an unforced exhalation/expiration, which would NOT betrue?

A) alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

B) intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure

C) intrapleural pressure becomes less negative

D) the diaphragm relaxes

E) lung volume decreases

1. In humans the presence of chin and cheek dimples is dominant tothe absence of dimples, and the ability to taste the compound PTCis dominant to the inability to taste the compound. Both traits areautosomal, and they are unlinked. The frequencies for dimples are D= 0.62 and d = 0.38. For tasting, the allele frequencies are T =0.76 and t = 0.24.
   1. Determine the genotype frequencies for each gene.
   2. What are the expected frequencies of the four possiblephenotype combinations: dimpled tasters, undimpled tasters, dimplednontasters, and undimpled nontasters?

1. The resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle is about-90mV while in a typical neuron it is about -65 mV. Knowing whatthe resting membrane potential depends on, what activities might bedifferent in the muscle cell that could make its resting potentialmore negative than the neuron

What effect does lying down have on the minute volume (the totalamount of air breathed into the lungs in a minute)?

If the tidal volume changes due to exercise, can this beaccounted for by changes in the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV),the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), or a combination of both?

glycogen synthase catalyzes glycogen synthesis. determinewhether each of the following are associated with an increase ordecrease in glycogen synthase activity.

Increased glycogen synthase activity:

Decreased glycogen synthase activity:

1) activation of phosphoprotein phosphatase PP1

2) Phosphorylation (inactivation) of phosphoprotein phosphatase1 (PP1) by PKA

3) Subunit dissociation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase(PKA)

4) Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase

5) Insulin

6) Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK, orGSK3)

Suppose you are purifying a protein on a weak cation exchanger(pH 7.5) and it comes off at 300mM salt. predict what saltconcentraiton (lower, same, higher) the protein would come off ifyou used a strong cation exchanger. Explain the logic behind yourprediction in terms of the differences between a weakand strong exchanger.

make a flowchart of the following:

Lets say you are about to push on a door and keep walking butits too heavy and it doesnt open. however, your body doesnt slowdown. How do reflexes help you?

Assume a hypothetical enzyme hklase is able to break down ahypothetical sugar hklose. Assume that the synthesis of hklase iscontrolled by an operon. Briefly explain whether you predict theoperon to be an inducible or a repressible operon. How would thepresence of hklose effect the transcription of the genes that areinvolved in hklose degradation? (For clarity - you need to addressthe role of hklose, the repressor, and the operator)

Assume a hypothetical enzyme hklase is able to break down ahypothetical sugar hklose. Assume that the synthesis of hklase iscontrolled by an operon.

1. Briefly explain whether you predict the operon to be aninducible or a repressible operon.
2. How would the presence of hklose effect the transcription ofthe genes that are involved in hklose degradation? (For clarity -you need to address the role of hklose, the repressor, and theoperator)

The "ultimate" cause for an animal behavior could include:

A) elevated hormones in the circulatory system
B) high levels of pheromones in the environment
C) nutritional advantage, such as lake Palau jellyfish swimmingtowards the sun every morning.

Unlike animal behavior, human behavior is always acquiredthrough learning.

A) True
B) False

Calculate the number of repetitions of the ?-oxidation pathwayrequired to fully convert a 12-carbon activated fatty acid toacetyl-SCoA molecules.

_____________ repetitions

Calculate the number of acetyl-SCoA molecules generated bycomplete ? oxidation of a 12-carbon activated fatty acid.

_____________ acetyl-SCoA

1. Define and discuss osteoporosis.Include in your discussion information on how osteoporosisdevelops; how age, sex, hormones, and genetics affect it; howactivity affects it; and what dietary interventions can helpprevent or treat osteoporosis.
   
2. Explain the difference between heme and nonheme iron. How canthe efficiency of absorption be increased for both types ofiron?

Which of these do you think would have the most severe effect ondigestion: surgical removal of the stomach, pancreas, orgallbladder? Explain your choice

The following data come from an undisclosed area of the globe.Your mission, "should
you choose to accept it", is to determine where this climatologicaldata set originated.
1. For these data please construct an accurate climate diagram (12pts)

2. Identify the biomedepicted by this climate diagram (2pt).

Month Temperature Precipitation
January 33 0 mm
February 31 2
March 31 3
April 30 6
May 26 9
June 19 12
July 16 14
August 15 15
September 20 4
October 26 3
November 30 1
December 32 0

Assume these data were collected on the 120 degrees EastMeridian.

3. What country (2 pt) and what specificgeological/landscape/biome feature (2 pt) do these datarepresent?
4. Describe some adaptations that you would expect in the flora ofthis biome (2 pt).

Why does the concentration of urea increase in the proximaltubule yet the concentrations of Na, Cl and K stay essentially thesame?

Relative to the genetic code, the histone code

Relative to the genetic code, the histone code

An important difference between the ways that bacteria andmulticellular eukaryotes regulate gene expression is that______.

An important difference between the ways that bacteria andmulticellular eukaryotes regulate gene expression is that______.

Why do neurons have membrane bound organelles? Why do axons anddendrites need some organelles?