Problem 13

Background and context

The electro - chemical proton gradient; concentration and electrical potential gradient caused by a difference in H+ ion concentration across the membrane. The electrochemical gradient determines the direction in which an ion flows across a membrane by diffusion or active transport.

Cell wall, the structural layer found outside the cell membrane that surrounds various types of cells can be robust, flexible, and even unyielding at times. It works as a filtration mechanism as well as providing structural support and protection to the cell.