EURO1004 Final: Final Notes
PART ONE
PART ONE of the exam, consisting of Section A and Section B, asks you to provide an analysis of two
extracts from primary sources. Each of these extracts comes from a primary source in the prescribed
textbook for the course, William Simpson and Martin Jones (eds), Europe 1783-1914, Third edition (London
and New York: Routledge, 2015).
Primary sources from Section A concern the material covered in the course from Weeks Three to Six
(inclusive). Primary sources from Section B concern the material covered in the course from Weeks Seven
to Eleven (inclusive). In each section, you will have a choice of FIVE excerpts from primary sources. You
are asked to analyse only ONE of these. Each of these questions is worth 20% of your total mark for the
exam. PART ONE is worth 40% of your total mark for the exam.
PART TWO
PART TWO of the exam asks you to respond in essay form to ONE question from a choice of FIVE.
These questions will pertain to topics covered in Weeks Seven to Eleven of the course (inclusive). PART
TWO is worth 60% of your total mark for the exam.
Should you attempt to write responses to two questions from PART TWO, only the first response will be
marked.
What is expected of me for this piece of assessment?
For PART ONE
• shows an understanding of the broader context of the document,
• provides a critical analysis of its content, illustrated by quotes from the text of the
extract,
• and which assesses the broader significance of the work with reference to its impact
upon later developments.
Please refer to the instructions provided in the lecture in Week Two of the course to re-familiarise
yourself with the requirements of this task. Please also refer to the slides concerning course feedback
on the Primary Source Analysis provided in Week Six of the course, and to the comments provided by
your tutor on your individual feedback sheet for the Primary Source Analysis. You may also wish to
consult the ‘Self-feedback’ sheet you completed in tutorials in Week Five of the course.
For PART TWO—in which you are asked to write an essay—we will be looking for an essay that puts
forward a clear argument, supported by detailed and accurate evidence, and which remains focused on the
question throughout. Please note that you are not required to provide footnotes or any other form of
references for this essay.
Please refer to the slides provided in Weeks Four, Five, Six, and Seven to re-familiarise yourself with
the requirements of this task. Please also refer to the slides concerning course feedback on the
Research Essay provided in Week Eleven of the course, and to the comments provided by your tutor
on your individual feedback sheet for the Research Essay. You may also wish to consult the ‘Self-
feedback’ sheet you completed in tutorials in Week Eight of the course.
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WEEK 4: NAPOLEONIC EUROPE
(Primary Source Analysis)
THE RISE OF NAPOLEON
• Napoleon was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution
and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Napoleons early life and military career
• Born in Corsica in 1768
• Son of minor Corsican nobility – allowed him to train and quality as an artillery officer in France in
1785
• Gained good military reputation after he led the Army of Italy through a series of victories over the
Austrians in 1796-97
Napoleon in Egypt
• Egyptian campaign – 1798-99 – as part of the strategy to dislocated the British empire
• Events in Egypt hoped to bring Britain to bargaining table over the right for Mediterranean and Indian
rule
• Egypt failed but Napoleon returned a hero
• Seized higher military power after Egypt 1789-99
The 18th Brumaire
• In 1804 – crowned himself Emperor
• Established the consulate by force over the existing directory
• Named self as first consul
• Napoleons rise to power was due to military expertise
THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Consolidation
• Search for stability
- Napoleon eliminated any political oppositions – e.g. crushed the royals and Jacobin opposition
- An attempt on Napoleons life in 1800 revealed that with popularity came greater opposition – the
Royalists were responsible for this attempted assassination
- 1802 concordat made Catholicism the main religion in France once again
-
Napoleon regarded religion simply as another mechanism for controlling the people and for
producing obedient soldiers
- He undid all the work of the French revolution and caused disturbance among the people who were
against him
• Enlightened Institutions
- Napoleon created the bank of France in 1800 which reformed the economy
- Crowned himself Emperor – 1804
- Advocated culture, empirical evidence and rationalisation
- Napoleonic code was civil law for France and prevented its return to feudal system, supported a new,
modern society
- E.g. The Code Napoleon, 1804 involved the police and administration mostly operating within the
law, and the regime made important changes to the system, and the authority of the male head of the
household was strengthened – whilst the men could have his adulterous wife imprisoned, a wife
could obtain a divorce (expensive) only if her husband kept his mistress in the family house
• The Grande Armée
- The Grande Armée was the army commanded by Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.
- Napoleon’s regime was almost continuously at war – except for the uneasy peace with Britain
between March 1802 and May 1803
- Military reforms that created Frances official army
- Changed revolutionary army into the general army – the French Revolutionary Army was the French
force that fought the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792-1802 – these armies were characterised
by their revolutionary fervour, poor equipment and great numbers.
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- Improved training, armaments, food, appearance - symbolising the new France and nationalism
-
Nationalism:
patriotic (vigorous feeling for one’s country) feeling, principles, or efforts
• Napoleons early campaigns 1805-1808
- Pre 1805 peace with Austria and Britain had been gained (1802 Peace of Amiens)
-
Peace of Amiens:
Britain returned all of her colonial gains except Ceylon and Trinidad, wile France
agreed to respect the independence of Naples, Holland and Portugal. The colonial losses caused an
uproar in Britain – but this treaty was destroyed within 14 months of Napoleonic ambition
- Napoleon now emperor and king of Italy, Austria and Britain tries to contain French expansion once
again
- 1805 Battle of Trafalgar – France lost
-
1805 battle of Austerlitz
– Napoleon achieved what he wanted, and was regarded the greatest victory
of Napoleon– an encounter with Russian and Austrian forces. 2 December he selected the battlefield
where his stronger opponent could be lured, ambushed and destroyed – the Tsar and remnant of his
army quickly evacuated
- Mainland blockade with Britain revealed how French tried to defeat Britain economically as they
failed militarily
- Napoleon expanded French rule through family rule, exploitation of satellite states (independent
states but under heavy political/economy/military influence/control from another country) and
extension of French administration
Expansions
• Extending French Territory
- Vienna taken November 1805
- Holy Roman Empire dissolved 1806 – after the last Holy Roman Francis II abdicated, following a
military defeat by the French under Napoleon at Austerlitz
- Battle of Austerlitz (2nd December 1805)
- Battles of Jena and Auerstedt (14th October 1806) – Napoleon defeated a Prussian army at Jena and
Davout (a French general) defeated another at Auerstädt on the same day – 160,000 French soldiers
attacked Prussia, moving rapidly which destroying the entire Prussian army.
- Battle of Eylau (7-8th February 1807) – A tactical draw at Eylau in East Prussia forced Russians to
withdraw from the battle.
- Battle of Friedland (14th June 1807) – Napoleon defeated the Russian Empire at Friedland, creating
powerful client states in Easter Europe, ending the fourth coalition
- Peace Tilsit 1807 – As a consequence of Napoleon beating the Russian army at Friedland – Tsar
Alexander of Russia had to make peace with Napoleon at Tilsit.
• Governing the Empire
- French empire, dependent satellite states, allied states
- Over 80 million people
- Maintaining power
o Exploited satellite states
o Installed family members as rulers
o Extended French administration
Challenges
• Napoleon was afraid of losing Spain support so put family in rule of Spain → this backfired and led to
guerrilla warfare against French troops
- In Spain a French army of 200,000 was incapable of suppressing a guerrilla movement which enjoyed
huge popular support
• Local resistance to conscription
- Under the Code Napoleon he introduced conscription into all areas he controlled and levies were
imposed on his dependants and allies, but there was resistance from the populace
• Local resistance to the strengthening of the catholic church
- Napoleon aimed to remove one reason for royalist popularity by arranging a reconciliation with the
Catholic Church. The Pope accepted this Revolution, the loss of Church lands, and that the clergy
were appointed by, paid and bound by oath to the government → in return the government merely
accepted Catholicism as the religion of the majority
- However Rome angered Rome by adding the Organic Articles giving him tight control over the
Bishops and requiring Church teaching to reinforce the authority of the state
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Document Summary
Part one of the exam, consisting of section a and section b, asks you to provide an analysis of two extracts from primary sources. Each of these extracts comes from a primary source in the prescribed textbook for the course, william simpson and martin jones (eds), europe 1783-1914, third edition (london and new york: routledge, 2015). Primary sources from section a concern the material covered in the course from weeks three to six (inclusive). Primary sources from section b concern the material covered in the course from weeks seven to eleven (inclusive). In each section, you will have a choice of five excerpts from primary sources. You are asked to analyse only one of these. Each of these questions is worth 20% of your total mark for the exam. Part one is worth 40% of your total mark for the exam.
