HBS109 Study Guide - Final Guide: Natural Killer Cell, Colloid, Triglyceride
Learning Objectives
Human Structure & function
Emily Zukic
EXAM INFO – LEC 11 ONWARDS
-Lecture 11 (Homeostasis)
1. Explain the concept of homeostasis & it’s significance for
organisms.
A stable internal environment
Maintains body temperature, body fluid composition – nutrient
concentration o2 & co2 levels, body fluid volume, waste product
concentration, blood pressure
2. Describe how positive & negative feedback are involved in
homeostatic regulation.
Positive f/bk accelerates the process, exaggerates variations
from normal ex. Blood clotting
Where as neg f/bk opposes variation from normal, involved in
homeostatic regulation ex. Maintenance of a stable body temp
3. Discuss the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a constant body
temperature.
Ex. Controlling body temp.
Receptors on skin& hypothalamus sense change, to control centre
hypothalamus to bring about change to this, effectors are sweat
glands and blood vessels, there is ain increase in heat loss and
body temp drops, back to maintaining homeostasis, then body temp
rises to notify the receptors again
4. Identify heat loss & heat gain mechanisms
Heat loss: active vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels, < in
sweat gland secreation, < rate and depth of respiration
Heat gain: vasoconstriction of pbv, connective and radiation losses
minimised, countercurrent heat exchange systems, shivering
(thermogenesis), release of hormone to < metabolic activity =
adrenaline
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
-Lecture 12 (Nervous system)
1. Distinguish between anatomical & functional organisation of the
nervous system & list the components of each
Anatomical division: contains CNS (brain and spinal chord) &
PNS (peripheral nerves)
Functional organisation: afferent (approaching) sensory division
of senses & efferent (exiting) somatic and automatic motor system,
auto contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
2. Label the structure of a typical neuron (DRAW)
3. Describe the structure and functions of the myelin sheath
Increases speed of reaction due to electrical insulation, action
potentials are increased along the axon, are myelin fatty sheets
covering internodes
4. Describe how resting membrane potential (transmembrane
potential) is created and maintained.
TMP is created by the cells of the of the interior’s electrical potential
is relative to its surroundings
RP: transmembrane potential of an undisturbed cell****
5. Describe the events involved in the generation and propagation of
an action potential.
Action potential: propagated changes in the transmembrane
potential that once initiated affect an entire excitable membrane
Generated by a all-or-none principle, stim either triggers an action
potential or doesn’t produce nothing at all, generated at axon hillock
& initial segment
Refractory period: Why impulses go one way, can’t come past last
segment, the membrane will not respond normally to additional
depolarising stimuli
6. List the factors that affect the speed of action potentials.
- Myelin sheeth
- Axon diameters: large – fast, small – slower
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
7. Describe the structure of a synapse. (DRAW)
8. Distinguish between an electrical & chemical synapse.
Electrical: Direct physical contact between cells at gap junctions,
found in muscles of heart only, rare
Chemical: Involves a neurotransmitter, abundant
-Lecture 13 (Central nervous system: brain & spinal cord)
1. List the structures that support & protect the central nervous system
Bones of the cranium: occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal,
sphenoid, ethmoid. Bones have same name as part of brain
The meninges: membranes act as a safety belt & airbag, between
brain & skull to hold brain in place. 3 layers – dura matter,
arachnoid matter, pia matter
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Lecture 11 (homeostasis: explain the concept of homeostasis & it"s significance for organisms. Maintains body temperature, body fluid composition nutrient concentration o2 & co2 levels, body fluid volume, waste product concentration, blood pressure: describe how positive & negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation. Positive f/bk accelerates the process, exaggerates variations from normal ex. Where as neg f/bk opposes variation from normal, involved in homeostatic regulation ex. Maintenance of a stable body temp: discuss the homeostatic mechanisms that maintain a constant body temperature. Heat loss: active vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels, < in sweat gland secreation, < rate and depth of respiration. Heat gain: vasoconstriction of pbv, connective and radiation losses minimised, countercurrent heat exchange systems, shivering (thermogenesis), release of hormone to < metabolic activity = adrenaline. Lecture 12 (nervous system: distinguish between anatomical & functional organisation of the nervous system & list the components of each. Anatomical division: contains cns (brain and spinal chord) &
