HNN227 Study Guide - Final Guide: Polyuria, Peripheral Edema, Hypocalcaemia
1 Jun 2018
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HNN227
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES
1
COMPREHENSIVELY ASSESS AND MANAGE THE CARE OF PATIENTS EXPERIENCING
ALTERED FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
Fluid and electrolyte balance in the body involve regulatory mechanisms that maintain the composition,
distribution and movement of fluids and electrolytes.
Water/body fluid
:
Body fluid contains water and various dissolved substances being solutes, water being the primary
component of fluids.
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Provides a medium for transport and exchange of nutrients, o2, and co2.
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Provides a medium for metabolic reactions within cells.
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Assists in regulating body temperature – perspiration etc.
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Provides a form for body structure and acts as a shock absorber
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Provides insulation
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Acts as a lubricant
To maintain normal fluid balance, intake and output should be approximately equal. The average fluid
intake over 24hours is about 2500ml.
Urine production and excretion account for most water loss. Daily output is 1500ml. At least
400ml of concentrated urine is needed per day for excreting metabolic waste.
Electrolytes:
Are substances that dissociate (separate in a solution) to form charged particles called
ions. Cations = +, Anions = -.
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Assist in regulating water balance
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Help regulate and maintain acid-base balance
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Contribute to enzyme reactions
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Essential for neurovascular activity
A millieuivalent is a measure of the chemical combining power of the ion.
EXPLAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS GOVERNING FLUIDS & ELECTROLYTES
There are several regulatory mechanisms and processes to create the balance between fluid intake and
output. These include:
- Thirst (activated when the blood volume drops due to water loss or when serum osmolality increases)
- The anti-diuretic hormone (released and regulated water excretion by the kidney)
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- RAAS (maintains balance in intravascular fluid and blood pressure) (when there is a decrease to the
blood flow and pressure to the kidneys, renin is produced).
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (released hormone by atrial muscle cells after fluid overload- primarily
affects RAAS)
- FLUID COMPARTMENTS OF THE BODY (extracellular or intracellular)
Bod fluid is lassified as eig iside our outside the ells…
- Extracellular fluid: found outside the cells
- Intracellular fluid: found within the cells
- Intravascular fluid (plasma): contained within arteries, veins and capillaries
- Interstitial fluid: in the spaces between most of the cells in the body
- MOVEMENT AND REGULATION OF BODY FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES − OSMOSIS, DIFFUSION,
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the capillary, and osmotic pressure pulls fluid into the capillary.
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Diffusion – movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration PARTICLES
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Osmosis – movement of fluid of high concentration to low concentration FLUID LEVELS
OSMOSIS:
change in fluid
DIFFUSION:
change in particles
ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Comprehensively assess and manage the care of patients experiencing. Fluid and electrolyte balance in the body involve regulatory mechanisms that maintain the composition, distribution and movement of fluids and electrolytes. Body fluid contains water and various dissolved substances being solutes, water being the primary component of fluids. Provides a medium for transport and exchange of nutrients, o2, and co2. Provides a medium for metabolic reactions within cells. Assists in regulating body temperature perspiration etc. Provides a form for body structure and acts as a shock absorber. To maintain normal fluid balance, intake and output should be approximately equal. The average fluid intake over 24hours is about 2500ml. Urine production and excretion account for most water loss. 400ml of concentrated urine is needed per day for excreting metabolic waste. Are substances that dissociate (separate in a solution) to form charged particles called ions. A millieuivalent is a measure of the chemical combining power of the ion.
