HPS111 Study Guide - Final Guide: Environmental Factor, Frontal Lobe, Operant Conditioning
Exam Revision
Neuron
Role of neuron:
- Receive, process and transmit messages, carry information in form of an action
potential, there are different types:
oSensory (afferent)-sense and monitor change
oMotor (efferent)-enables movement
oInterneurons-connection between the others
Structure:
oDendrites:
Receive information from other neurons across a synapse to the soma
oAxons:
Carries information towards the cells that stimulate secretion of
neurotransmitters, neural impulse (electrical message)
oMyelin:
Protects the axon from chemical/physical interference, aid in the
transmission of information
oAxon terminals:
End of axon, terminal buttons which have secreted neurotransmitters
stored, release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap
Reception and transmission:
- Reception: receives information from sensory organs
- Transmission: movement of a signal across the synapse
Synaptic gap:
- Communicate across synapse chemically, from axon button to dendrite receptors
Neurotransmitter
Role of neurotransmitters:
- Sent across synapse, chemical messages to activate next neuron
Lock and key process:
- Chemically distinct shape, like a key (neurotransmitter) in a lock (receptor), specific for a
certain receptor
Excitatory effects: (glutamate)
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- Causes post-synaptic neuron to fire, reach its action potential, glutamate activates
postsynaptic neuron important for learning and memory
Inhibitory effects: (GABA)
- The firing rate of the postsynaptic neuron is reduced or doesn’t fire at all, GABA lowers
anxiety
Interference to neurotransmitter function
Parkinson’s disease:
- Chronic change to function of NS due to lower levels of GABA and dopamine, is a
progressive neurological condition, cognitive symptoms- depression, loss of memory,
physiological symptoms- rigidity, tremors
What is stress?
Sources of stress:
- Psychological (worry, confusion), physical (heart rate), arousal (tension), response to
change psychological and physiological tension produced by a stressor that are
perceived as challenging or threatening, activates the sympathetic nervous system
- Daily pressures: adjustment, acute, hassle
- Life events: rare, change, short
- Acculturative stress: culture shock, need to become acculturated
- Major stress: psychological trauma
- Catastrophes : effects whole communities
Eustress:
- Positive stressor, challenging (meeting someone new)
Distress
- Negative stressor, threat (exams), debilitating consequence
Model of stress as a biological process
GAS (general adaption syndrome)- Selye:
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-
- Alarm:
oShock: responds as though injured, below normal resistance
oCountershock: activates, adrenaline and cortisol, above normal resistance
- Resistance:
oAdaptive, parasympathetic reduces, cortisol continues to circulate, still highly
aroused
- Exhaustion:
oProlonged physiological arousal, too much cortisol, lowered immune system,
bodys ability to meet demands of stressor declines
Evaluation
oOnly used mice, generalized it to most organisms, only looked at physiological
Flight-fight-freeze:
- Involuntary, physical response to sudden and immediate threat, adaptive , evolutionary,
survival, ANS-sympathetic nervous system
Role of cortisol
- Stress hormone, maintain blood-glucose level can weaken immune system
Models of stress as psychological process
Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman’s transactional model of stress and coping
- Stress involves (encounter) transaction between individual and their environment,
interpretation = appraisal, the response depends on the interpretation of their ability to
cope with the stressor, subjective and personal
Primary appraisal
- First interpretation of the stressor- is it positive, dangerous, irrelevant. Evaluate the
significance
Secondary appraisal
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Document Summary
Receive, process and transmit messages, carry information in form of an action potential, there are different types: sensory (afferent)-sense and monitor change, motor (efferent)-enables movement, interneurons-connection between the others. Receive information from other neurons across a synapse to the soma: axons: Carries information towards the cells that stimulate secretion of neurotransmitters, neural impulse (electrical message: myelin: Protects the axon from chemical/physical interference, aid in the transmission of information: axon terminals: End of axon, terminal buttons which have secreted neurotransmitters stored, release neurotransmitters into synaptic gap. Transmission: movement of a signal across the synapse. Communicate across synapse chemically, from axon button to dendrite receptors. Sent across synapse, chemical messages to activate next neuron. Chemically distinct shape, like a key (neurotransmitter) in a lock (receptor), specific for a certain receptor. Causes post-synaptic neuron to fire, reach its action potential, glutamate activates postsynaptic neuron important for learning and memory.
