HSE304 Study Guide - Final Guide: Atp Hydrolysis, Max Q, White Bread

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27 Jun 2018
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HSE304: Physiology of Sport Performance Notes
Emily Zukic
Topic 1: Introduction
-Overview of physiological and metabolic limits to sport performance and potential
strategies to enhance sports performance
-Training: wide range of sports
-Environmental factors that influence sport performance
-Understand physiological determinants and limits to sports performance
-Strategies to improve performance
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Topic 2: Neural Adaptations to Strength Training
-Strength training: < 85%, 1-4 reps, induces greater neural benefits over
hypertrophy
-Increased agonist (prime mover) activation
-Appropriate synergist (brachialis, brachial radialus) activation
-Decreased antagonist (triceps) activation
-= Increase rate of force/force dev = Increased strength performance
Motor neuron excitability and motor unit during explosive movement
-Motor unit: motor neuron an muscle fibres it innovates – both U and L
-Upper motor neuron: those in the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
-Lower motor neuron: those that come out of the spinal cord and innovate
muscle
Modulation of muscle tension involves the concurrent variation in no. active
motor units and discharge rate - to increase force/time under tension
-1: Motor unit recruitment increases
-2: Within one motor unit increase in motor unit firing rate
-Larger muscles: with more motor units should be stronger
For force to be produced:
-Have to have orderly recruitment of muscles, slow twitch then fast
-Rate coding: one AP or 2 APS back to back, or steady firing of AP
-Synchronization: one motor unit fires at same time as other motor unit
-Can have one common output and 2 very different motor units working together
Stretch reflex
-Adaptations from strength
-Muscle spindle: located within muscle belly, detect stretch, sends information
to the brain, if muscle is in high tension – spindle fires, sends impulse to muscle
to contract
-Protective mechanism, can use this stretch reflex when jumping – using stretch
reflex by short sharp dip before jumping
-Golgi tendon organ: causes muscle to relax, work hand in hand to make sure muscle is
protected
-Interacts with antagonist muscle to relax while agnostic is being flexed
Motor unit adaptations to strength training
-Motor neuron and muscle fibres
After strength training:
-Recruit more muscle fibres, < amount force
-Brain should be able to fire more APs down to the motor unit /sec < force
-Increased rate of force development = < rate of force produced
-Motor unit excitability
-Strength training has higher motor unit synchronization than skill training
-Increase in excitability of muscle itself, can further increase excitability by
complex skill tasks
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Difference between type of training intervention & activation
-Isometric: stable contraction, joint angle doesn’t change, muscle does
-Concentric: shortening of angle
-Eccentric: lengthening of muscle fibres and joint angle
-Eccentric test, eccentric activation a lot greater than concentric group and
concentric activation
-Perform concentric or eccentric exercise, neuromuscular adaptations far
greater than just concentric exercises alone
-Stronger = eccentric training
Explosive jump training and motor unit activation: Ballistic
-Complex skill training vs plyometric training
-11% improvement in jump training
-27% improvement in complex skill training
-More complex training = more neural adaptations
Changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflexes – Strength Training
-Twitch responses, how excitable a muscle is before any training intervention
-V-wave & H-reflex, improved excitability post training
Post Activation Potentiation & Training methods
Force-Velocity Curve
-Hyperbolic curve which describes the dependence of force on the velocity of the
movement
-Need to understand the power equation and how specific training methods affect
the FVC and ultimately performance
-In order for us to produce more force, velocity has to be reduced
-Helps plan strength/plyometric programs
Power
-How fast you can move a force
-Power is a function of force and velocity P = (F x D)/T
-Since velocity is equal to D/T, then power can be expressed as P = F x V
-Function of speed
Power-Load Curve
-Relationship between force and power produced
-Increased load, power increases initially, will come to a point that is dependant
upon amount of load carrying, then will drop off
-Predict what sort of intensity to be training for plyometric exercise
-Increase power output: training at load where power output maximal
Induce increase by:
-Heavy weight training: maximizes the force component, negatives velocity component <
force
-Explosive light weight training: max power output occurs around 30% IRM,
explosive/ballistic training is more superior < velocity in power eqn, focus on eccentric
load
-Maximal power training:
-Complex training: to increase power, strength training should follow a cyclical
approach, to develop power all aspects of force-velocity curve must be trained, increase
discharge or motor units, increased drive, decrease neural inhibition
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Document Summary

Overview of physiological and metabolic limits to sport performance and potential strategies to enhance sports performance. Understand physiological determinants and limits to sports performance. Strength training: < 85%, 1-4 reps, induces greater neural benefits over hypertrophy. = increase rate of force/force dev = increased strength performance. Motor neuron excitability and motor unit during explosive movement. Motor unit: motor neuron an muscle fibres it innovates both u and l. Upper motor neuron: those in the cns (brain & spinal cord) Lower motor neuron: those that come out of the spinal cord and innovate muscle. Modulation of muscle tension involves the concurrent variation in no. active motor units and discharge rate - to increase force/time under tension. 2: within one motor unit increase in motor unit firing rate. Larger muscles: with more motor units should be stronger. Have to have orderly recruitment of muscles, slow twitch then fast.

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