HNN112 Study Guide - Final Guide: Specific Gravity, Enuresis, Toilet Seat
HNN112
ELIMINATION
1
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ELIMINATION PATTERNS
Urination
Personal habits regarding urination are affected by social propriety of leaving to urinate, the availability of
a private, clean facility and initial bladder training.
Urination is usually triggered by between 250mL and 450mL of urine in the bladder in adults (but can hold
600mL of urine), and in children it is between 50mL and 200mL.
- DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
Infants are born without urinary control; this usually develops between 2 and 5 years.
Pre-schoolers are more able to control
School-age children reach maturity in bladder control; urination is between 6 to 8 times a day and their
kidneys double in size between 5 to 10 years old.
Older adults have decreased excretory function of the kidneys and complaints of urinary frequency and
urgency are common.
- PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS
Privacy, normal position, sufficient time and running water. People may voluntarily supress urination
because of a perceived time pressure, which increases risks of UTIs.
- FLUID AND FOOD INTAKE
The amount of fluid intake increases, the more output increases. Alcohol and caffeine increase fluid output
by inhibiting the production of anti-diuretic hormone.
- MEDICATIONS
May medications, especially those affecting the autonomic nervous system, interfere with normal urinary
output and may cause retention or urinary incontinence. Diuretics are a group of drugs that promote the
formation and excretion of urine.
- MUSCLE TONE
Good muscle tone is important to maintain so the bladder can fill and empty completely.
- PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Some diseases and pathologies can affect formation and excretion of urine. Diseases that affect renal
function are classified into pre-renal (decreased circulatory blood flow to and through the kidneys), renal
(caused by factors that damage or injure the glomerulus or renal tubule) and post-renal (obstruction to the
urinary collecting system).
- SURGICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Postoperatie leedig ay our or a spial aaestheti a derease a persos aareess of the eed
to void.
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Defecation
- DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS
Infants’ first faecal material passed is called a meconium and is black and tar-like, generally 24 hours after
birth.
Toddlers start to control defecation between 18 months to 2 years.
Older adults have difficulty with constipation.
- DIET
Sufficient fibre in diet can make faeces bulkier. Bland diets consisting of low fibre food, generally processed
lack volume.
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Stimulates peristalsis
- PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Anxiety, anger, fears can increase peristaltic activity and diarrhoea
- DEFECATION HABITS
If the need to defecate is ignored, water continues to be reabsorbed which can make the faeces hard to
expel.
- MEDICATIONS
Some cause diarrhoea, others constipation
- DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Patiets fast efore surgeries, ad therefore dot defeate util oral eatig resues
- ANAESTHESIA AND SURGERY
Anaesthesia can cause a slow down in the contraction of the muscles of the colon
- PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Spinal cord ijuries can decrease the sensory stimulation for defecation.
- PAIN
A person who experiences pain when defecating can resist the need to defecate.
- PREGNANCY
This alters their normal functions.
DESCRIBE COMMON ELIMINATION PROBLEMS AND SYMPTOMS
Urination
- Polyuria (diuresis) refers to the production of abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidney
- Oliguria is a low urine output
- Anuria refers to a lack of urine production
- Urinary frequency is voiding at frequent intervals, that is, more than 4 to 6 times per day
- Nocturia is voiding two or more times a night
- Urgency is the sudden strong desire to void
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Document Summary
Personal habits regarding urination are affected by social propriety of leaving to urinate, the availability of a private, clean facility and initial bladder training. Urination is usually triggered by between 250ml and 450ml of urine in the bladder in adults (but can hold. 600ml of urine), and in children it is between 50ml and 200ml. Infants are born without urinary control; this usually develops between 2 and 5 years. School-age children reach maturity in bladder control; urination is between 6 to 8 times a day and their kidneys double in size between 5 to 10 years old. Older adults have decreased excretory function of the kidneys and complaints of urinary frequency and urgency are common. Privacy, normal position, sufficient time and running water. People may voluntarily supress urination because of a perceived time pressure, which increases risks of utis. The amount of fluid intake increases, the more output increases.
