HNN227 Study Guide - Final Guide: Bleeding, Perfusion, Atherosclerosis

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1 Jun 2018
Department
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HNN227
OBSTRUCTION
1
DEFINE THE TERM OBSTRUCTION
The blocking of normal functions or processes. In the human body, obstruction can occur in many
different places.
Signs and symptoms
of obstruction:
-
Pain
-
Loss of function
-
Inflammation
-
Dyspnoea
-
Constipation
-
Nausea/vomiting
-
Dysuria
DESCRIBE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTION AND IDENTIFY WHERE IT MAY
OCCUR IN THE BODY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF OBSTRUCTION:
If there is an obstruction in the bowel for example, impairment of this passage of material through the
bowel results in cessation of passage of flatus and faeces. Blockage results in distension of the intestine;
this results in pain, an increase in abdominal girth, and increased tension in the intestinal wall. This can
result in necrosis (death of cells) and perforation of the bowel. Blockage of the intestine with distension
and/or impairment to its blood supply will result in activation of local and systemic inflammatory
responses and increased toxins in the circulation (as decreased oxygenation allows bacteria to enter),
therefore promoting sepsis.
WHERE obstruction occurs:
- Ear
- Nose
- Respiratory tract (
changes within the functional parts of the lungs such as in the bronchus, bronchioles
and alveoli. Mucous, swelling and structural changes at alveoli level can cause obstruction. Ineffective
airway clearance, impaired gaseous exchange, nutritional deficit and disturbed sleep may occur.)
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Urinary tract
- Arterial and venous circulation (this would interfere with the delivery of oxygen to tissues)
- Lymphatic circulation (may result in oedema the abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial
spaces.
Is oedema bilateral (which would be of systemic origin or congestive heart failure) or unilateral
(obstruction)? On palpation, is it soft (pitted) or indurated (non-pitted)?
)
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Document Summary

In the human body, obstruction can occur in many different places. Describe the pathophysiology of obstruction and identify where it may. If there is an obstruction in the bowel for example, impairment of this passage of material through the bowel results in cessation of passage of flatus and faeces. Blockage results in distension of the intestine; this results in pain, an increase in abdominal girth, and increased tension in the intestinal wall. This can result in necrosis (death of cells) and perforation of the bowel. Blockage of the intestine with distension and/or impairment to its blood supply will result in activation of local and systemic inflammatory responses and increased toxins in the circulation (as decreased oxygenation allows bacteria to enter), therefore promoting sepsis. Respiratory tract (changes within the functional parts of the lungs such as in the bronchus, bronchioles and alveoli. Mucous, swelling and structural changes at alveoli level can cause obstruction.

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