HNN227 Study Guide - Final Guide: Histology, Coagulation, Fat Embolism
1 Jun 2018
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HNN227
TRAUMA
1
DEFINE THE TERM TRAUMA AND IDENTIFY WHERE IT MAY OCCUR IN THE BODY
Trauma is defined as injury to human tissues and organs resulting from the transfer of energy from the
environment.
Depending on its cause, trauma may be classified as:
- Mechanical (including contusions, sprains, dislocations, fractures and compression of tissues
resulting in compartment syndrome)
- Chemical
- Thermal
- Barotrauma (caused by abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure)
- Electrical (burns or electrocution)
It may be open wound such as a compound fracture, or a closed fracture with the skin remaining in tact. It
may develop complications such as osteomyelitis (infection of the bone) or sepsis.
Trauma may also be isolated (limited to one organ or extremities) or it may spread with injuries to several
organs.
Trauma can result in:
- Haemorrhage
- Shock
- Oedema
- Inflammation
- Necrosis of the tissues
Trauma can occur in:
- Organs
- Tissues
- Extremities
DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BONE AND MUSCLES
BONES:
- STRUCTURE:
Diaphysis -
This is the long central shaft
Epiphysis -
Forms the larger rounded ends of long bones
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Metaphysis -
Area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at both ends of the bone
The outside cortical bone is solid bone with only a few small canals. The insides of the bone
contain trabecular bone, which is like scaffolding or a honeycomb. The spaces between the bones are filled
with fluid bone marrow cells, which make the blood, and some fat cells.
- FUNCTION:
Support, protection of internal organs, framework, voluntary movement, and blood cell production and
mineral storage.
MUSCLES:
- STRUCTURE:
Cardiac muscles are found in the heart, striated and involuntary
Smooth muscles occur in walls of hollow structures such as airways, arteries, GI tract, bladder and uterus,
non-striated and involuntary.
Skeletal muscles require neuronal stimulation for contraction, striated and voluntary.
- FUNCTION:
Skeletal muscle - e
ach individual muscle fibre is composed of numerous smaller myofibrils. Myofibrils
are divided into repeating functional units called
sarcomeres
. The two contractile proteins in
myofibrils are
actin and myosin
, which are part of the thin filament and thick filament respectively.
The two regulatory proteins troponin and tropomysium, which are also part of the thin filament, are
involved in turning muscle contraction "on or off” ad the filaets slidig past eah other.
DESCRIBE THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BONE HEALING FOLLOWING A FRACTURE
Fractures are defined as a break in the continuity of the bone and occur from an applied force. They can be
complete or incomplete, open or closed.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEALING FOLLOWING FRACTURE:
1. Fracture haematoma
When a fracture occurs, bleeding creates a haematoma (extravasated blood that changes from
liquid to semisolid clot), which surrounds the ends of the fragments.
2. Granulation tissue:
During the phase, active phagocytosis absorbs the products of local necrosis and the haematoma
converts to granulation tissue. This is a basis for new bone substance called osteoid.
3. Callus formation:
Minerals and new bone matrix are deposited into the osteoid, and an organised network of bone is
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Define the term trauma and identify where it may occur in the body. Trauma is defined as injury to human tissues and organs resulting from the transfer of energy from the environment. Depending on its cause, trauma may be classified as: Mechanical (including contusions, sprains, dislocations, fractures and compression of tissues resulting in compartment syndrome) Barotrauma (caused by abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure) It may be open wound such as a compound fracture, or a closed fracture with the skin remaining in tact. It may develop complications such as osteomyelitis (infection of the bone) or sepsis. Trauma may also be isolated (limited to one organ or extremities) or it may spread with injuries to several organs. Describe the structure and function of bone and muscles. Diaphysis - this is the long central shaft. Epiphysis - forms the larger rounded ends of long bones. Metaphysis - area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at both ends of the bone.
