BIOL10005 Final: H1-level Notes for Genetic & Evolution of Life
16 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Semester 2 - Lecture notes All lectures
Genetics & The Evolution Of Life (University of Melbourne)
Semester 2 - Lecture notes All lectures
Genetics & The Evolution Of Life (University of Melbourne)
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Semester 2
KVITI2015 1
GENETICS & THE EVOLUTION OF
LIFE
SEMESTER 2
Genetics 2
Variation and the genome
Genes 3
DNA replication
Genes and alleles 4
Sex determination 8
Sex chromosomes in humans 10
X inactivation 11
Pedigree analysis 13
Independent assortment and gene interaction
Multifactorial and polygenic inheritance 16
Discontinuous and continuous phenotypes
Blood groups 17
Gene expression: transcription 19
Gene expression: Translation 21
Mutations
Techniques and manipulation of the genetic material 24
Zoology 26
Animal diversity
Worms to arthropods 28
From molluscs to chordates 31
Extinction 33
Vertebrates 37
Primates 39
Ecology and evolution 42
Natural selection/sexual selection 44
Botany 48
Biodiversity and evolution
Molecules to cells 50
Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes 51
Kingdom protista 54
Kingdom fungi 57
Land plants 58
Seed plants 61
Measuring variation 63
Quantifying variation 65
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 66
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Semester 2
KVITI2015 2
Genetics
Variation and the Genome
What is genetics?
Genetics is the study of the variation between and among living things, and how this variation
is inherited.
Genotype: genetic constitution of an organism, comes from the parent if haploid or parents if
diploid
Half genotype comes from father and half from the mother
Phenotype: describes the morphological, biochemical and behavioural properties of an
organism resulting form a specific genotype and its interaction with the environment
Biochemistry includes things such as enzymes
Genome
Genome is the total amount of genetic material in a chromosome set (in humans –
one set of chromosomes)
The genetic material is DNA
Sequencing a genome is working out the base sequence (A, T, C, G) of the DNA
o Doesn’t tell the function of the sequence
Humans have 2 genomes: nuclear and mitochondrial
The number of genes that code for a product in humans is quite small
o Size of genome has no correlation with complexity of the organism
1000 Genomes Project
Aims to provide a deep characterization of human genome sequence variation as a
foundation for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype
Scientists can access data for research
GWAS
Studying genomes of people with a specific disorder to determine variants
Variation
Due to;
Environmental factors e.g alcohol consumed by a pregnant woman resulting in Fetal
Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
o Growth retardation
o Characteristic facial features
o Central nervous system anomalies
o However, FAS is influenced by many other factors such as the mothers age,
etc…
Gene factors i.e a specific genotype you are born with resulting in a disease such as
Huntington disease (HD)
o Dominant disease which requires only one mutation
o Usually 14 years once the mutation has taken effect
o Kills cells in the brain
o Mutation resulting in 42 repeats or more will cause onset of HD
A combination of genetic and environmental factors e.g can have same genotype
however environmental factor results in different expression of the gene, for example
hydrangeas
o Epigenetics: an epigenetic change is a change in gene expression without
changing the DNA code
o Means “in addition to genetics”
Epigenetics
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Document Summary
Genetics & the evolution of life (university of melbourne) Genetics is the study of the variation between and among living things, and how this variation is inherited. Genotype: genetic constitution of an organism, comes from the parent if haploid or parents if diploid. Half genotype comes from father and half from the mother. Phenotype: describes the morphological, biochemical and behavioural properties of an organism resulting form a specific genotype and its interaction with the environment. Genome is the total amount of genetic material in a chromosome set (in humans one set of chromosomes) Sequencing a genome is working out the base sequence (a, t, c, g) of the dna: doesn"t tell the function of the sequence. Humans have 2 genomes: nuclear and mitochondrial. The number of genes that code for a product in humans is quite small: size of genome has no correlation with complexity of the organism.
