BIOL10005 Study Guide - Final Guide: Okazaki Fragments, Dna Replication, Dna Ligase
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1. Characters that show a continuous range of variation, such as height and eye color, usually are controlled:
a. | by a single gene with two alleles that are codominant. |
b. | by many genes with an additive effect. |
c. | by epistatic interactions between two genes. |
d. | mainly by the environment, with only a small genetic component. |
2. In humans, red-green colorblindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. In order for a woman to be red-green colorblind, which of the following statements must be true.
a. | Her mother must be red-green colorblind. |
b. | All of her brothers must be red-green colorblind. |
c. | Her father must be red-green colorblind. |
d. | All of the above statements must be true if a woman is red-green colorblind. |
3. The x-ray crystallography data collected by Rosalind Franklin suggested to Watson and Crick that the:
a. | structure of DNA is a double helix. |
b. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by hydrogen bonds between the bases. |
c. | four bases within DNA pair in a specific way. |
d. | two strands of the DNA molecule are joined by covalent bonds between the bases. |
4. In the genetic code, _________ one amino acid.
a. | one nucleotide specifies |
b. | two nucleotides specify |
c. | three nucleotides specify |
d. | four nucleotides specify |
5. During Meiosis I, a homologous pair of chromosomes may not separate, resulting in daughter cells that have extra chromosomes or are missing chromosomes. This can lead to genetic disorders, including Down Syndrome. This phenomenon is called:
a. | independent assortment. |
b. | nondisjunction. |
c. | segregation. |
d. | crossing over. |
6. You are a human geneticist studying the incidence of retinitis pigmentosa in the residents of Tristan de Cunha, a group of small islands in the middle of the southern Atlantic Ocean. The allele for retinitis pigmentosa, which causes a form of blindness, is inherited as an autosomal recessive. You have determined that the frequency of this allele (r) in the population is 0.4 (40%). Using the principles of the Hardy-Weinberg rule, you would estimate the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous for this allele (Rr) in the population to be:
a. | 0.16 (16%) |
b. | 0.24 (24%) |
c. | 0.36 (36%) |
d. | 0.48 (48%) |
7. Natural selection acts at the level of the:
a. | phenotype. |
b. | gene. |
c. | population. |
d. | nucleotide. |
8. You are working with pea plants, trying to recreate the experiments that Mendel performed. You are doing a dihybrid cross with a plant that is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color, with the genotype RrYy. Which allelic combinations would you expect to find in the gametes produced by this plant?
a. | This plant would produce only RY and ry gametes. |
b. | This plant would produce only RrYy gametes. |
c. | This plant would produce RY, Ry, rY, and ry gametes. |
d. | You cannot determine which gametes this plant can produce without knowing the genotypes of its parents. |
9. Biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that in DNA there is a special relationship between the four bases that we now call Chargaff's rule. His observation was that, in an organism's genome the:
a. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides. |
b. | four bases all occur in an equal frequency (25%) within each organism. |
c. | percentage of A nucleotides = the percentage of G nucleotides, and the percentage of C nucleotides = the percentage of T nucleotides. |
d. | genetic material is composed of proteins, not DNA. |
10. During DNA replication:
a. | each strand of the double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. |
b. | the enzyme DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the strand being synthesized. |
c. | the bases A,C,G and T are required. |
d. | All of the above are true of DNA replication. |
11. During translation, amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to make polypeptides. The formation of these peptide bonds is catalyzed by:
a. | DNA. |
b. | mRNA. |
c. | tRNA. |
d. | rRNA. |
12. If an allele (R) at a gene with two alleles shows complete dominance, individuals with the genotypes ______ will have the same phenotype.
a. | RR and rr. |
b. | RR and Rr |
c. | Rr and rr |
d. | Each of the three possible genotypes will have a different phenotype. |
13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
a. | analogous |
b. | vestigial |
c. | homologous |
d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
b. | the founder effect. |
c. | disruptive selection. |
d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
a. | rRNA. |
b. | tRNA. |
c. | mRNA. |
d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
a. | it is a dominant allele. |
b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
a. | natural selection. |
b. | adaptation to similar environments |
c. | convergent evolution |
d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
a. | XY |
b. | XX |
c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
a. | codon. |
b. | gene. |
c. | polypeptide. |
d. | anticodon. |
Question 1
1 pts
Cystic fibrosis is caused by nonsense and missense mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes for a chloride channel. You are studying cystic fibrosis patients to determine what mutation they possess in the CFTR gene. The difference between the mutant and wild type CFTR genes can be uncovered by examining the CFTR:
DNA | |
mRNA | |
protein | |
tRNA |
Question 2
1 pts
You decide to identify the CFTR mutation by analyzing the genomic DNA of your patients compared to healthy individuals. You specifically are looking to see whether a specific 3' gene truncation has occurred in the patients. You will determine this using hybridization techniques with samples from healthy and CF patients. Which of the following will allow you to accomplish this?
Using an RNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation. | |
Using an RNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation. | |
Using an DNA probe complementary to the region not removed by the truncation. | |
Using an DNA probe complementary to the region removed by the truncation. |
Question 3
1 pts
You would like to ensure that this experiment (to determine whether patients have a specific CFTR gene truncation using hybridization) is properly controlled. Which of the following samples must you test?
The genomic DNA of a healthy individual who does not have cystic fibrosis. | |
The genome of a CFTR patient known to have the specific truncation you are trying to identify. | |
The genome of a CFTR patient with a missense mutation but full length gene. | |
The genome of a healthy individual married to a CFTR patient with the specific truncation you are trying to identify. | |
The genome of a patient with muscular dystrophy, which can be due to a trucation in the dystrophin gene. |
Question 4
1 pts
To conduct the hybridization experiment, you are trying to decide between using a DNA or RNA probe. Which would be ideal to use and why?
As both are composed of nucleic acids, using either would result in identical results. | |
An RNA probe because RNA has uracil bases. | |
An RNA probe because it could also be used in a translation experiment. | |
A DNA probe because it is more stable than RNA. | |
A DNA probe because RNA cannot bind to DNA. |
Question 5
1 pts
Which of the following will lower the Tm of a given DNA strand?
Increasing the percentage of GC base pairs. | |
Raising the pH of the solution from neutral to basic. | |
Decreasing the buffer concentration from 50mM NaCl to 5mM NaCl. | |
None of the above. |
Question 6
1 pts
One step of the Hershey/Chase experiment involved blending the virus/cell mixture before centrifugation and probing the pellet for radioactivity. Why was the blending step necessary?
To collect the bacteria at the bottom of the tube. | |
To break open the bacteria to release the genome. | |
To separate the bacteria from the bacteriophages. | |
To be able to detect the radioactivity. |
Question 7
1 pts
Imagine Hershey/Chase had used an RNA virus (genome composed of RNA) instead of a DNA virus in their experiment. Would radioactivity still have been found in the pellet?
No, because only DNA can be labeled with radioactivity. | |
No, because the RNA genome would not enter the bacteria upon infection. | |
No, because while DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar, they are not identical. | |
Yes, because DNA and RNA nucleotides are similar. | |
Yes, because genome in any form (DNA, RNA, protein) would be labeled similarly. |
Question 8
1 pts
Griffith and Avery's transformation experiments allowed us to identify that DNA is our genetic information. Which of the following scenarios would result in bacterial cells that are capable of killing mice upon injection?
Heat killed non-virulent bacteria is added to a live virulent bacteria strain. | |
Heat killed virulent bacteria is added to a heat killed non-virulent bacteria strain. | |
A heat killed virulent bacteria that is treated with a nuclease, is then added to a non-virulent bacteria strain. | |
Heat killed mouse cells are added to a non-virulent bacteria. |
Question 9
1 pts
The human genome consists mostly of non-coding DNA. Which of the following are benefits of this?
Random DNA mutations generally won't affect RNA and protein function. | |
It is faster to duplicate the genome when these are present. | |
The existence of introns can lead to multiple variations of proteins encoded by a single gene. | |
It is unlikely transposons would exist in the genome if there was too much protein coding DNA. |
Question 10
1 pts
Andrew Murray's sister, Andrea, is adding to her brother's work on chromosomes. She is using cells that are unable to synthesize adenine (âade) and histidine (âhis). The plasmid she is currently working with consists of an origin of replication and the Ade gene.
Following her transformation of the plasmid into her yeast, what media will the cells be plated on to select for cells that have picked up the plasmid?
Media containing histidine | |
Media containing adenine | |
Media lacking adenine | |
Media lacking histidine |