IMM2022 Study Guide - Final Guide: Poliomyelitis Eradication, Hpv Vaccines, Chickenpox
Vaccination
Passive: transfer of preformed antibodies or
immune cells to a recipient. This can be done
using an individual’s own cells taking them
expanding them and returning them
Active: acquisition of specific immunity by
infection or vaccination.
Start of vaccines:
• Edward Jenner cow pox
• Louis pasteur anthrax, cholera,
rabies
• 20th century development of
attenuated organisms using
fibroblasts
• 21st century DNA vaccines, viral
vectors, prime booster, peptides and
new adjuvants
Purpose of vaccines:
• Quick response straight to
secondary
• Class switching already occurred
• Prevent infection and disease
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE VACCINE
1. Protective: protective against illness
2. Induces neutralising antibody key
for viral infections eg polio
3. Gives sustained protection induce
long term immunity
4. Practical considerations low cost,
biological stability, ease of
administration, few side effects
5. Induces effective T-cell responses
both CD4 and CD8
6. Safe doesn’t easily convert to
virulence
Successful vaccines are >99% efficacy
diphtheria, polio, measles
TYPES OF VACCINES
WHOLE ORGANISM – LIVE ATTENUATED
• Polio
• BCG (for TB)
• Varicella (Chicken pox)
• MMR
• Small pox caused eradication in
1979
(+) of live attenuated: endogenous PAMPs are
the adjuvents, induce Ab, Th1, CD4 and CD8,
easy production and long lasing IMM
(-) of live attenuated: disease causing in
immunocompromised, need refrigeration,
maternal AB interfere with efficacy (to avoid
we give at 6 months)
WHOLE ORGANISM – KILLED INACTIVATED
These are just the antigenicity components.
Virulent strain treated with formalin or agent
to stop replication.
• Influenza
• Cholera
• Whooping cough
• Typhoid
• Polio
(+) of killed inactivated: safe, contained
PAMPs to prime DC and APC
(-) of killed inactivated: no CD8+ (no MHC 1
presentation) as they do not replicate. Need
repeated doses.
SUBUNIT – CELLULAR FRAGMENTS
• HIA (influenza)
• Hib
• Pneumococcus capsular polysacc
SUBUNIT – TOXOID
• Tetanus
• Diphtheria
SUBUNIT – RECOMBINANT PROTEIN
• HPV (Gardasil)
• HepB (HBsAg) expressed in yeast –
forms virus like particles
(+) of subunit vaccines: decreased side-
effects, simple to produce, large scale
production cheap. CD4 and B cell response
Document Summary
Passive: transfer of preformed antibodies or immune cells to a recipient. This can be done using an indi(cid:448)idual"s o(cid:449)n cells taking them expanding them and returning them. Active: acquisition of specific immunity by infection or vaccination. Start of vaccines: edward jenner cow pox. Louis pasteur anthrax, cholera, rabies: 20th century development of attenuated organisms using fibroblasts, 21st century dna vaccines, viral vectors, prime booster, peptides and new adjuvants. Purpose of vaccines: quick response straight to secondary, class switching already occurred, prevent infection and disease. Features of an effective vaccine: protective: protective against illness. Induces neutralising antibody key for viral infections eg polio: gives sustained protection induce long term immunity, practical considerations low cost, biological stability, ease of administration, few side effects. Induces effective t-cell responses both cd4 and cd8: safe doesn"t easily con(cid:448)ert to virulence. Successful vaccines are >99% efficacy diphtheria, polio, measles. Whole organism live attenuated: polio, bcg (for tb, varicella (chicken pox, mmr, small pox caused eradication in.