NUTR3000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Hip Fracture, Amenorrhoea, Bone Density
Document Summary
Menstrual disturbances are the most recognisable symptom of the female triad. Long-term energy restriction leads to endocrine disturbances; there is disruption to the hypothalamic pituitary axis and oestrogen release is reduced. Low oestrogen levels reduce bone formation; bone becomes more sensitive to parathyroid hormone which promotes loss of calcium. A decreased ovarian hormone production in young athletes with menstrual irregularities is similar to that observed in menopause. Amenorrhoeic athletes have been reported to have diet and exercise regimes that reduce energy availability by up to 65%. Athletic amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstrual bleeding. Primary amenorrhea is where a female at 16 years and older has not menstruated. Secondary amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation in women who have established periods (normally for a period of three to six months). Low calcium > low bone density > bone strength decreases. High protein intake > excess calcium excretion in the kidney.
