AMME1961 Study Guide - Final Guide: Adult Stem Cell, Proteoglycan, Nsb Di 2
6 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Biomedical Engineering 1B: Lecture 13
Revision
Cell Biology
Prokaryotic cells vs eukaryotic cells
Bacteria and blue green algae
Animals and plants
Single cell organisms
Multicellular organisms
Lack mitochondria and nucleus
Have mitochondria and nucleus
Have complex cell wall
No cell wall or simple cell wall
Single strand DNA
Double strand DNA
Sex cells vs somatic cells
- Sex cells: considered haploid because each gamete contains half the number of
chromosomes that an organism's somatic cells will have
- Somatic cells: regular type of body cell that is not involved in any way in
reproduction in humans, a diploid cell that has chromosomes
Introduction to organelles
Non-membranous
Membranous
No membrane
Covered with plasma membrane
Cytoskeleton – Cell shape
Endoplasmic reticulum – Storage
Centrioles – Cell division
Golgi apparatus – Secretory products
Direct contact to cytosol
Isolated from cytosol
Cilia – Provide movement
Lysosomes – Breakdown
Ribosomes – Protein synthesis
Mitochondria – Energy production
Life cycle of a cell
Cell cycle
Role
DNA replication
Duplication of the genetic material
Mitosis
Divides into 2 identical daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm
Nucleic acids
- Two polynucleotide chains
- The hais ae atipaallel 3’ to 5’ ad 5’
to 3’
- The chains are complementary (AT and CG)
- Hydrogen bonds
- Sugar phosphate backbone
RNA, analysis and applications
- Generally, found as a single stranded
molecule and can form various shapes
- Affects stability
- Reads 5’ to 3’
- The nitrogenous base thymine found in DNA is replaced by Uracil
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Analytical methods: gel electrophoresis
- Make up the agarose gel
- Load the gel
- Cover the gel with buffer and connect the chamber to the power supply
- Principle: DNA is negatively charged so when current is applied, the negatively
charged DNA fragments will migrate towards the positive electrode
Nucleic acids applications
• Materials science
• Medical science and Technology
• Nanoscience and Technology
• Molecular biology
• Molecular recognition properties of DNA
makes it an attractive biopolymer for designing a
wide variety of structures and devices in the field
of biomedical engineering
ADP/ATP
• ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
• ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
• ATPase: enzyme that catalyses the conversion
of ATP to ADP
The citric acid cycle (mitochondrial energy production)
• Aerobic metabolism: mitochondria use oxygen to break down food and produce ATP
• Glucose + oxygen + ADP → carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Tissues
Epithelial tissue: covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms glands
• Epithelia: layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
• Glands: structures that produce secretions
• Characteristics: Cellularity (cell junctions), polarity (apical of basolateral surfaces),
attachment, vascularity, regeneration
• Functions:
1. Provide physical protection
2. Control permeability
3. Provide sensation
4. Produce specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)
Classification of epithelia
• Glandular epithelia:
Endocrine glands: release hormones (into interstitial fluid, no ducts)
Exocrine glands: produce secretions (onto epithelial surfaces, through ducts)
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⟶ Connective tissue: fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials,
stores energy
• Characteristics:
1. Specialized cells
2. Solid extracellular protein fibers
3. Fluid extracellular ground substance
• The extracellular components of connective tissue (fibers and ground substance):
make up the matrix
1. Majority of tissue volume
2. Determines specialized function
Functions of connective tissue
- Establishing a structural framework for the body
- Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
- Protecting delicate organs
- Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting other types of tissue
- Storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides
- Defending the body from invading microorganisms
Connective tissue cell populations
Cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells:
build and maintain connective tissue
Cells derived from haematopoietic stem
cells reside in connective tissues and
protect against injury and infection
• Fibroblasts (make fibrous tissue)
• Fibrocytes (maintain fibrous tissue)
• Adipocytes (make fat)
• Chondrocytes (make cartilage)
• Osteoblasts (make bone)
• Ameloblasts (make enamel)
• Odontoblasts (make dentin)
• Osteocytes (maintain bone)
• Macrophages
• Mast cells
• Lymphocytes
• Microphages
Connective Tissue Fibers
1. Collagen Fibers
• Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
• Long, straight, and unbranched
• Strong and flexible
• Resist force in one direction
• For example, tendons and ligaments
2. Reticular Fibers
• Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
• Strong and flexible
• Resist force in many directions
• Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
• For example, sheaths around organs
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