400138 Study Guide - Final Guide: Hypokinesia, Indirect Pathway Of Movement, Depolarization
22 Jun 2018
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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS FOR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1
(Short answer questions for Final Exam will be taken from this list)
1. Discuss causes, types and clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy.
Cause:
Mostly uncovered.
Abnormal development before birth.
Infection or exposure to radiation or drugs before birth.
Birth trauma > hypoxic brain damage due to prolonged labour.
Choking, near drowning, physical abuse, meningitis in infancy.
Types: (Spastic Daughter Attacks Mother)
Spastic: (most common)
oHypertonia and muscle paresis.
Manifestations:
oDiplegia: lower extremity involvement > hypertonic muscles,
scissor gait.
oHemiplegia: extremities of the same side > upper limb usually
much more affected > plantar flexion and in inversion of foot, arm
adducted, elbow and wrist flexed.
oQuadriplegia: least ambulatory due to muscle hypertonia can be
associated with cognitive impairment > seizures, impaired vision,
hearing loss.
Dyskinetic:
oFluctuating hyper and hypotonia, uncontrolled slow movements,
interfere with coordinated movements.
Ataxic: (least common)
oLack of balance and coordination, unsteady, shaky movements.
Mixed type:
oCombination.
2. Describe causes and symptomatology of the main types of epilepsy.
Primary epilepsy: cause cannot be identified, most common and usually begins in
childhood.
Secondary epilepsy:
Cerebral damage after head injury.
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Document Summary
Short answer questions for pathophysiology 1 (short answer questions for final exam will be taken from this list: discuss causes, types and clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy. Infection or exposure to radiation or drugs before birth. Birth trauma > hypoxic brain damage due to prolonged labour. Choking, near drowning, physical abuse, meningitis in infancy. Spastic: (most common: hypertonia and muscle paresis. Dyskinetic: fluctuating hyper and hypotonia, uncontrolled slow movements, interfere with coordinated movements. Ataxic: (least common: lack of balance and coordination, unsteady, shaky movements. Mixed type: combination, describe causes and symptomatology of the main types of epilepsy. Primary epilepsy: cause cannot be identified, most common and usually begins in childhood. Tonic-clonic: loss of consciousness: tonic (sustained) contractions of muscles on both sides of the body, violent jerking of face, limbs, tongue biting, incontinence, headache, confusion, aching muscles. Absence: loss of awareness > day dreaming or inattentiveness patients recover quickly but with no memory of the event.
