ANHB1102 Study Guide - Final Guide: Ghrelin, Digestion, Dietary Fiber
3 Jun 2018
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TOPIC NINE: Nutrition and Appetite
The Pancreas and Pancreatic Hormones:
The pancreas is both an exocrine and
endocrine organ, requiring a large
blood flow. The endocrine portion of
the pancreas is called the Islets of
Langerhans that contain two different
cell types – alpha and beta cells. The
alpha cells secrete glucagon, which
increase blood sugar levels while the
beta cells secrete insulin, which lower
blood sugar levels.
Regulation of Blood Glucose:
1. If there is low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia), the alpha cells will
secrete glucagon
2. Glucagon will stimulate glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen, which
increases blood glucose levels
3. If there is high blood glycose levels (hyperglycaemia), the beta cells will
secrete insulin
4. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose and glycogen formation, which
decreases blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes Mellitus is due to a hyposecretion or inaction of the hormone insulin. It
is characterized by the following:
1. Hyperglycaemia
2. Glycosuria – glucose in the urine
3. Polyuria – excessive urine output
4. Polydipsia – intense thirst
5. Polyphagia – intense hunger
Type 1 Diabetes
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Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the inability to produce sufficient insulin. It is
sometimes referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or juvenile
diabetes. 10% of diabetics suffer from this form of diabetes. The most common
treatment is the self-monitoring of blood glucose and provision of exogenous
insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a reduced responsiveness to insulin and is
sometimes called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Approximately 90%
of diabetics suffer from this form of diabetes. There are multiple risk factos for
this type of diabetes, including genes, age and obesity. There is no cure for type 2
diabetes, but is treated by changes in diet or exercise.
Nutrients:
Nutrients are defined as any substance in good that is used by the body to
promote normal growth, maintenance and repair. There are 2 types of nutrients:
1. Macronutrients – carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
2. Micronutrients – vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates include sugars, starches and both soluble and insoluble fibre.
Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules and have the
formula of (CH2O)n.
Lipids
Like carbohydrates, lipids
are made up of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen
molecules. They are crucial in ones diet for
palatability and provision of essential
nutrients. Dietary lipids are primarily
triglycerides, which are 3 fatty acids bonded
to a glycerol molecule). The two most
common types of fatty acids are saturated or
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine organ, requiring a large blood flow. The endocrine portion of the pancreas is called the islets of. Langerhans that contain two different cell types alpha and beta cells. The alpha cells secrete glucagon, which increase blood sugar levels while the beta cells secrete insulin, which lower blood sugar levels. Diabetes mellitus is due to a hyposecretion or inaction of the hormone insulin. Type 1 diabetes: hyperglycaemia, glycosuria glucose in the urine, polyuria excessive urine output, polydipsia intense thirst, polyphagia intense hunger. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the inability to produce sufficient insulin. It is sometimes referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or juvenile diabetes. 10% of diabetics suffer from this form of diabetes. The most common treatment is the self-monitoring of blood glucose and provision of exogenous insulin. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a reduced responsiveness to insulin and is sometimes called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
