PHYL2001 Study Guide - Final Guide: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Catecholamine, Fruit Preserves
Hormones
The Endocrine System:
• The endocrine and nervous systems are the 2 main control systems of the
body
• The endocrine system operates through chemical messengers →
hormones
• Endocrine hormones are secreted into the circulation
• Differ from exocrine hormones, which are secreted into ducts
Endocrine Glands:
• Anterior pituitary gland
• Posterior pituitary gland
• Hypothalamus and median eminence
• Thyroid gland
• 4 x parathyroid glands
• 2 x adrenal glands → cortex and medulla
• Stomach
• Kidney
• Pancreas → Islets of Langerhans
• Duodenum
• Ovaries → females
• Testes → males
Hormones:
• Hormones belong to a class of regulatory molecules that are synthesized
in specialized cells
• Cells may be found as single cells within an organ or collected into a
distinct endocrine gland
• Certain neurons secrete hormones → from neuroendocrine system
• Hormones are released into the extracellular space → after which they
enter a local blood vessel and therefore the circulation
• Some hormones have general importance for the body rather than
targeting specific tissues
• Types of hormones
o Peptide/protein hormones
▪ Vast majority of hormones
▪ Stored in small secretory granules or vesicles
▪ Lipophobic → bind to surface membrane receptors and
activate intracellular signaling pathways
o Steroid hormones
▪ Class of lipids derived from cholesterol
▪ Include
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