PSYC 2113 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Memory, Anxiety, Weight Loss
PSYC 2113
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Part 1 – Mostly Review of Intro
• Freud and Ego-Psychology
• Emphasized influence of the ego in defining behavior
• Defense Mechanisms: Activated when ego fails to mediate conflict between
id and superego → anxiety
• Results in: Displacement, Denial, Rationalization, Reaction formation,
Projection, Repression, Sublimation
• Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and Object Relations Theory
• Emphasized how children incorporate (introjection) objects
• Objects = images, memories, and values of significant others
• The Neo-Freudians: Departures from Freudian thought
• De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory
• Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson
• Humanistic Theory
• Major players:
• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
• Major themes:
• That people are basically good
• Humans strive toward self-actualization
• Therapy involves:
• Therapist conveying empathy and unconditional positive
regard
• The Behaviour Model
• Observable behavior as opposed to introspection
• Classical Conditioning
(Pavlov - dogs & salivia; Watson - baby Albert)
• Associations between neutral and unconditioned stimuli
• Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear
• Terms: UCS, CS, UCR, CR, extinction
• Operant Conditioning
(Skinner – pigeons)
• Behavior is controlled by it’s antecedents and it’s
consequences
• Principles are used to increase desirable behaviors and
decrease undesirable behaviors (e.g., token economies)
• Primary Reinforcer - something you need to survive or an
intrinsic motivator (e.g., food)
• Secondary Reinforcer - Something that becomes a reinforcer
by itself and is associated through classical conditioning (e.g.,
grades/good marks)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Review of Neuroscience & the CNS from intro psych:
Neuroscience focuses on understanding the role of the nervous system in disease
and behaviour. Knowing how the nervous system and particularly how the brain
works is central to understanding behaviour, emotion, and cognitive processes.
• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord and
processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as
necessary.
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of the somatic nervous
system, which controls muscles and movement, and autonomic nervous
system (ANS), which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems.
• The sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS operate in a
complementary fashion.
• The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body (e.g., increases heart rate)
during periods of stress or danger and is part of the emergency or alarm
response.
• The parasympathetic nervous system renormalizes arousal and facilitates
digestion.
• The endocrine system produces its own chemical messengers (i.e., hormones)
and releases them directly into the bloodstream.
The Neuron
• Soma – Cell body
• Dendrites – Branches that receive messages from other neurons
• Axon – Trunk of neuron that sends messages to other neurons
• Axon terminals – Buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent
• Synapses – Small gaps that separate neurons
• Neurons Operate Electrically, but Communicate Chemically
▪ Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers
• Reuptake is one method of removing the neurotransmitter from
the synapse after it has been released.
• Another method is breaking down the NT by enzymes such as
monoamine oxidase.
• Some drugs work by blocking reuptake (SSRIs) and others work
by blocking the action of the enzymes (MAOIs).
▪ Functions of Neurotransmitters
• Most drugs are either agonistic or antagonistic
• Agonists increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking
its effects.
• Antagonists inhibit or block the production or activity of a
neurotransmitter.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Review of neuroscience & the cns from intro psych: Neuroscience focuses on understanding the role of the nervous system in disease and behaviour. Inverse agonists increase production of competing biochemicals that deactivate the neurotransmitter or produce opposite effects. Brain structure: two main parts, brainstem and forebrain, three main divisions, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain, cerebral cortex. Largest part of the brain: contains more than 80 percent of all the neurons in the central nervous system. Limbic system: thalamus, receives and integrates sensory information, motor pathways, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, eating, drinking, aggression, sexual activity, fight-or-flight, regulates endocrine system via pituitary gland, involved in movement starting and stopping movement, modulating speed, intensity, etc. The endocrine system ***need to know: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalcortical axis (hypac or hpa axis) Integration of endocrine and nervous system function: hpa axis regulates the stress response. The end product of the activation of the hpa axis is cortisol.
