KINE 2P84 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Hyperplasia, Adipose Tissue, Puberty
KINE 2P84
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
KINE 2P84 Growth and Development
Status, Progress, Comparison and Prediction, Physical Activity and Performance
Research Challenges:
- Ethical
- Methodological
- Variability
- Generalizability
Study Designs:
- Cross sectional – comparison of 2+ groups at one point in time
- Longitudinal – study over a period of time
Development: the progressions and regressions that occur throughout the lifespan
- Prenatal – conception to birth
- Infancy – birth to 2 years
- Childhood – 2 to 12 years
o Early 2 to 6
o Late 6 to 10/12
- Adolescence – 11/13 to 18
o Female 11 to 18
o Male 13 to 18
- Adulthood - +18
Growth: the structural aspect of development
- Increase in size
- Hyperplasia – increase in cell number
- Hypertrophy – increase in cell size
- Accretion – increase in intercellular substance
- Sao’s Groth Cures: 9, Y-axis relative % to adult size
Maturation: the functional changes in human development
- Highly related to growth
- Focuses progress in or the rate of, attaining the mature biological state
- Internal time table
- Inferred (mainly unobservable)
- Mainly a qualitative functional change
- Time intervals may vary, but sequence of appearance does not
- Maturation vs. maturity; process vs. status
o Timing: age of occurrence of event
o Tempo
▪ Velocity: rate or tempo of change over time
o Age
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▪ Chronological age
▪ Biological age – growth, observable, measureable (does not equal
chronological)
▪ Maturational age – mainly unobservable
Prenatal and Postnatal Growth
Prenatal Stages
- Egg: 1st two weeks – cell division and differentiation
- Embryo: weeks 2-8 – irease ell uer ad differetiatio, orga deelop ut are’t
fully functional. Only reproductive system is not developed.
- Fetus: weeks 9-40 – increase cell size and mass, functional development
- ~40-week period
- Before 36 weeks = premature
Fetal Growth
- Weight is a good indicator to health
Fetal Activity
- Heart – 4 weeks in
- Trunk, arms and legs – 6-9 weeks
- Reflexes – 36 weeks
- 1st > 2nd half – space vs intensity
- Males move more
- Environment – noise, music, smoke
Factors affecting prenatal growth and development
- Nutrition – affects birth weight
- Alcohol – affects birth weight + nervous system
- Smoking – affects birth weight + nervous system
- Caffeine
- Exercise
- Recreational drugs
- Nicotine: low birth weight, childhood obesity
Cont. Postnatal growth
- Final size
- Rate of growth
Growth Charts
- X axis (age) Y axis (height)
- Darker line (50th percentile or the average/ mean)
- Other lines reflect the variability within the population
- 3rd percentile = only taller than 3% of the population
- Not obese because she is in the 95th percentile
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Status, progress, comparison and prediction, physical activity and performance. Cross sectional comparison of 2+ groups at one point in time. Longitudinal study over a period of time. Development: the progressions and regressions that occur throughout the lifespan. Childhood 2 to 12 years: early 2 to 6, late 6 to 10/12. Adolescence 11/13 to 18: female 11 to 18, male 13 to 18. S(cid:272)a(cid:373)(cid:373)o(cid:374)"s gro(cid:449)th cur(cid:448)es: (cid:1005)9(cid:1006)(cid:1007), y-axis relative % to adult size. Focuses progress in or the rate of, attaining the mature biological state. Time intervals may vary, but sequence of appearance does not. Egg: 1st two weeks cell division and differentiation. Embryo: weeks 2-8 i(cid:374)(cid:272)rease (cid:272)ell (cid:374)u(cid:373)(cid:271)er a(cid:374)d differe(cid:374)tiatio(cid:374), orga(cid:374) de(cid:448)elop (cid:271)ut are(cid:374)"t fully functional. Fetus: weeks 9-40 increase cell size and mass, functional development. Weight is a good indicator to health. Trunk, arms and legs 6-9 weeks. 1st > 2nd half space vs intensity. Alcohol affects birth weight + nervous system. Smoking affects birth weight + nervous system.