BIOL 1010 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Dna, Enzyme
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOL 1010
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 1
(A) e.g. Fruit flies
Effect of temperature on
the development of wing
size
Mitosis and meiosis
Genetics vs molecular biology
Genetics
The study of inheritance of observable traits (blue eyes…) from one generation to the next
Their effect on populations and species
Molecular biology
The study of the molecular process involved in the transfer of genetic information from the
genotype (all DNA of an organism) to the phenotype of an organism
Why study genetics and molecular biology?
Research scientist
Human and veterinary medicine
Lawyer, police, forensics
Pharmaceutical
Aqua/agriculture
Consumer (what you eat and consume)
Causes of variability from one species to another/within species? 2 things play a role
1. Environment
The action of many genes is influenced by the environment
Example 1
Hydrangea flowers with different soils
Grow pink in alkaline soil
Gene or set of genes gets activated or deactivated depends on the soil ph
Example 2, 3
2. Genetics
Grow blue in acid soil
(B) e.g. Himalayan rabbit
Expression of the trait
depends on the
temperature at which it
is reared.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Lecture 1
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.
E.g. Gene for eye
color in fruit flies
Each chromosome
can have a
different version of
that gene (allele)
2. Genetics
Gene themselves play a role, not just how they are expressed
The genotype determines the phenotype
Phenotype
Physical and biological traits
The set of proteins that you have that determine the way you look
Flower shape, eye color, genetic disease…
Genotype
Determines the phenotype
An organism’s genetic makeup, the genetic information in the genes
The combination of this determines the phenotype (recessive traits and dominant traits)
Beware of trick questions
Definition of terms – DNA, chromosomes, genes
DNA
Polar molecule (negatively charged)
Not visible on its own
Chromosomes
Visible by microscopes during cell division because it gets condensed
Consist of protein (histones) + DNA – DNA wraps itself around the histone protein
Structure of 2 sets of identical DNA, once it has been replicated before division
One arm is shorter that the other
Short arm vs long arm
Centromere
restricted region of that chromosome
Telomere
End of the chromosome
Homologous chromosomes, homologues
The 2 chromosomes of a pair have the same size length,
Centromere position and staining pattern =
Called homologous chromosomes
Both chromosome control the same inherited characters
Ex: gene for eye color at the same specific place on the 2 chromosomes
Each chromosome come from a different parent – appear the same but can have different alleles
STRUCTURE OF A EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOME
Short arm
Long
arm
Centromere (constricted
region of chromosome)
Telomere (end of
chromosome)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The study of inheritance of observable traits (blue eyes ) from one generation to the next. The study of the molecular process involved in the transfer of genetic information from the genotype (all dna of an organism) to the phenotype of an organism. The action of many genes is influenced by the environment. Gene or set of genes gets activated or deactivated depends on the soil ph. Effect of temperature on the development of wing size (a) e. g. fruit flies. Grow blue in acid soil (b) e. g. himalayan rabbit. Expression of the trait depends on the temperature at which it is reared: genetics. Gene themselves play a role, not just how they are expressed. The set of proteins that you have that determine the way you look. An organism"s genetic makeup, the genetic information in the genes. The combination of this determines the phenotype (recessive traits and dominant traits) Visible by microscopes during cell division because it gets condensed.
