BIOL 2003 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Fish, Body Plan, Pharynx
BIOL 2003
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Animal Diversity
September 11, 2015
What is animal diversity?
• Animal – multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile, lack cell walls (metazoans)
• Diversity – having different forms or types
Disparity vs. Diversity
• Disparity – morphological differences between various taxa
• Diversity – the counts of taxa
Why study animal diversity?
• Evolution (paleontology and origin), taxonomy, ecology and animal architecture (form and
function).
• New science, conservation
• What makes groups similar or different
Goals:
1. Reconstruct phylogeny of life
▪ Origin of key characteristics
2. To understand the processes that lead to and maintain the diversity of species and their
adaptations through time
3. To understand biodiversity
• variety of different forms on Earth and variations in the species
o total genes, species, and ecosystems of a region
o Taxonomic: number of species
o Ecological: number of ecosystems
o Morphological: genetic diversity
Biodiversity hotspot:
Edward O Wilson – the father of biodiversity
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Animal Architecture and Ecology
September 14, 2015
• What constitutes animal ecology?
• What makes animals similar and differ?
What is ecology?
• Coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866
• The whole science of the relations of the organism to the environment including, in the
broad sense, all the conditions of existence.
Levels of Ecology:
• Organismal – individual behaviour and physiological
o How the animal responds to the environment and lives in its habitat or niche
o Its toolbox includes ingrained traits (evolutionary characteristics) and short term
responses (adaptations)
o E.g. generalists (fly) vs. specialists (koala)
o E.g. ectothermy vs. endothermy
• Population – groups of individuals of the same species
o Age structures, sex ratios, growth rates and other demographic properties
o Limits to population growth and carrying capacity
o E.g. plankton vs. giant octopus
• Community – groups of different populations of different species
o Detrimental (negative) – predators on prey
o Beneficial (positive) – prey on predators
o Neutral – commensalism (ex. Sponges)
o Symbioses, parasitism, competition, keystone species
• Ecosystem – communities living and interacting together and with their physical
environment
o Trophic levels
o Niche (habitat)
o Energy flow
▪ Primary producers
▪ Herbivores
▪ Consumers
▪ Detritivore
▪ Omnivores
▪ Decomposers
Animal Architecture
Key transitions:
• Levels of organization/complexity (tissues)
• Body symmetry
• Body cavity organization
• Developmental traits
o Protostome vs. Deuterostome
• Segmentation
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Disparity vs. diversity: animal multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, motile, lack cell walls (metazoans, diversity having different forms or types, disparity morphological differences between various taxa, diversity the (cid:498)counts(cid:499) of taxa. Why study animal diversity: evolution (paleontology and origin), taxonomy, ecology and animal architecture (form and function), new science, conservation, what makes groups similar or different. Edward o wilson the father of biodiversity. What is ecology: coined by ernst haeckel in 1866. Levels of ecology: how the animal responds to the environment and lives in its habitat or niche. Key transitions: levels of organization/complexity (tissues, body symmetry, body cavity organization, developmental traits, protostome vs. deuterostome. Recap: protostomes vs deuterostomes: based on embryonic development, protostome spiral cleavage, deuterostrome radial cleavage, protostome mouth first, deuterostrome anus first, different formation of coelom. Splits of animal groups: porifera, placozoa, bilateria radiate, protostomia, lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia (gill slits) Hiearchial groupings: kingdom - animalia, order mammalia, phylum chordata, class vertebrata, family hominidae, genus homo.
