PHIL 1000X Study Guide - Final Guide: Efferent Nerve Fiber, Ependyma, Astrocyte
10 May 2018
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1. Describe the organization of the Nervous System.
a. CNS - brain and spinal cord
b. PNS - everything else
i. Autonomic
1. Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
2. Sympathetic (you’re sympathetic to your stress - FIGHT OR
FLIGHT)
ii. See diagram
2. Describe the functions of the afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.
a. Efferent (exit) goes from the brain to the target cells
b. Afferent (affected - feel a pen) - back to brain
c. Interneurons communicate between cells; important because you need to
i. Regulate responses FASTER than you can achieve with just the brain
ii. If cells talk to each other, it’s faster
3. Describe the types and functions of the glial cells.
a. Myelinate
b. Along the line of insulating, keep the transmitter in the synaptic cleft
c. Are also involved in re-uptaking transmitters (eg serotonin; a lot of the inhibitory)
d. Structurally supportive
4. Glial cells in CNS
a. Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal
5. Glial cells in PNS
a. Schwann and satellite
6. Myelin-forming cells
a. Schwann in PNS, oligodendrocytes in CNS
7. Draw a diagram of a neuron and define and label the cell body (soma), axon, dendrite,
axon hillock, initial segment, collateral, axon terminal, and synapse.
a. LIA WILL DO THIS LATER
8. Describe the function of axonal transport.
a. Could be transporting things like organelles (eg if you need more mitochondria),
neurotransmitters
9. Describe a graded potential and differentiate between an inhibitory and excitatory
potential.
a. Excitatory - depolarization - hyperpolarization - signal
b. Inhibitory incur more hyperpolarization - MAKES IT HARDER FOR CELLS TO
DEPOLARIZE
i. If you have a whole bunch of excitatory, then throw some inhibitory (most
commonly GABA), you won’t signal as much
c. Graded potential - OH WOW LIGHT! - habituation (that’s where the energy level
goes down)
10. Describe the spread of graded potentials and explain why graded potential signals lose
strength.
a. The leaking of the ions
