BIOL-4777EL- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 36 pages long!)

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16 Feb 2018

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Ethology - europe: comparative psychology - usa. Fruit ies: vestigial wing - 2 copies vg, vg (recessive, yellow body. Kids and grandkids - no yellow body males bred. Lower wing beat/ second: courtship: wing beat = love song. Sexual selection - female selected normal male with higher frequency. Love birds (nest building behaviour: agapornis personata. Picks up material with beak: agapornis rosiecollis. Tucks materials in tail feathers: hybrid - tucked material in tail but it fell out, no bars found in the tail feathers, mice (maze running, parent generation total number of errors. Least 9 (bright mice), most 214 (dull mice: first generation, no big difference, second generation. Still overlap: seventh generation, no overlap, behaviour determined by genes. Comparative psychology: monarch butter ies, lay eggs on milkweed, instinctive, experiment - moved eggs from milkweed to a non toxic relative. Eggs hatched, caterpillar ate leaves, pupated and became adult.

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Experiment 1: Paper Chromatography

I need all the data tables and questions filled out!

Chromatography is routinely used to separate components of a mixture. In this experiment, you will perform a paper chromatography procedure. The objective for this experiment is to determine the best solvent (ionic, polar covalent or non-polar covalent) for the dyes found in candy-coated chocolate pieces. The chromatography paper acts as the stationary phase for the procedure, and a variety of mobile phases (solvents) will be tested. Multiple tests with different eluting solvents must be run to determine the best eluting solvent to separate the food dyes. Some of the factors you will investigate include polarity and electrical charge (ionic characteristics).

Chromatography is based on two phases: the mobile phase and the stationary phase. The mobile phase is the phase which moves up the chromatography paper. This is also referred to as the eluting solvent, which the mixture of analytes is placed in.

The stationary phase is the material held in place for the chromatography procedure. Think of the mobile phase as a moving stream and the stationary phase as the stream bed. If you were to toss in a leaf, a stick, and a large rock, what would happen? Each different component would travel at different rates along the stationary phase, using the mobile phase as a vehicle. Many properties affect the affinity of a substance for the mobile or stationary phase, including polarity, solubility, particle size and electrical charge. Chemists can use their knowledge of these properties to separate a mixture effectively.

Materials

(3) 50 mL Beakers
1 Pipette
1 Stir Rod
10 mL Graduated Cylinder
100 mL Graduated Cylinder
(6) 5.5 x 9 cm. Pieces of Chromatography Paper
3 Capillary Tubes
600 mL Beaker
Ruler
*36 M&MsÂ® (12 Blue, 12 Green, and 12 Red)
30 mL of each of the following eluting solvents:
0.5% Sodium Chloride (Salt), NaCl solution

0.2% Sodium Chloride (Salt), NaCl solution
*Distilled Water (eluting solvent)
*70% Isopropyl Alcohol, C₃H₈O
*Create Your Own: Use your knowledge of eluting solvents to create two additional eluting solvents (30 mL each).
*Pencil
*20 mL 70% Isopropyl Alcohol, C₃H₈O

*Note: The individual candies have been repackaged by eScience Labs. Do not eat the candies.
*You must provide

Procedure:

1. Gather three 50 mL beakers, one for each color candy you will test.

2. Place two M&MsÂ® candies of one color into a beaker.

3. Repeat for each color of the candy you will test. You should have two green candies in one beaker, two red candies in a second beaker, and two blue candies in the third beaker.

Preparation of the Analyte

4. Use a pipette and the 10 mL graduated cylinder to add one mL of 70% isopropyl alcohol to each beaker.

5. Stir gently with a stir rod until the candy's white undercoating appears. Remove the candies. Be sure to rinse the stir rod every time you insert it into a new beaker.

6. Allow the solutions to sit and concentrate while stationary phase is prepared.

Preparation of Stationary Phase

7. Obtain a piece of chromatography paper that is approximately 5.5 cm wide and 9.0 cm long.

8. Using a pencil, mark the paper according to the sample provided in Figure 7 at the end of the procedure.

9. Using a capillary tube, place small spots of the analyte equally spaced along the marked line. Since there are three colors to be tested, there will be three spots on the line (use one capillary tube per color; save the tubes for the additional trials).

Note: Capillary tubes are extremely thin tubes. They are useful when working with very small amounts of a sample, and collect liquid samples through capillary action. To use the capillary tube, simply place the open end of the tube in the sample. The liquid molecules will be drawn into the tube and stick to the inner walls. Figure 6 provides a references for this process.

Figure 6: Capillary tubes use capillary action to pull up liquid.

10. Allow the spot to dry, and re-spot the analyte in the exact same area as done in Step 9. Repeat this process at least five times, or until the colored dots appear distinct on the paper.

11. Pour the deionized water (your eluting solvent) into the 600 mL beaker until it has reached a height of approximately 0.5 cm. This will take approximately 20 - 30 mL.

12. Place the paper (line-side down) into the 600 mL beaker with the eluting solvent for 3 - 5 minutes. Your initial line should be above the solvent. When complete, the original spots near the bottom of the paper should be dissolved (as the colors traveled up the solvent front).

13. Mark the edge of the solvent front (the edge of the mobile phase) and the location of the analytes with a pencil (see Figure 7 for reference). Record your data and any additional observations in Table 1.

Note: Some M&MsÂ® colors may have more than one spot. The distance travelled by each spot should be measured and recorded.

14. Repeat the procedure five more times, incorporating one of the remaining eluting solvents (0.5% NaCl, 0.2% NaCl, 70% isopropyl alcohol, and the two solvents that you create) each time.

Figure 7: Sample paper chromatography results.

Table 1: Experiment 1 Variables
Solvent	Distance Traveled by Mobile Phase (mm)	Distance Traveled by Each Analyte (mm)	Additional Observations
1. Distilled Water		Green: Blue: Red:
2. 0.5% NaCl Solution		Green: Blue: Red:
3. 0.2% NaCl Solution		Green: Blue: Red:
4. 70% Isopropyl Alcohol		Green: Blue: Red:
5. Student Creation:		Green: Blue: Red:
6. Student Creation		Green: Blue: Red:

Experiment 2: Slime Time

Although you may not realize it, the inks which are used in writing utensils are chemical solutions which include different molecules. Some inks are polar, while others are non-polar. A polar solvent will attract polar inks, while a non-polar solvent will attract non-polar inks. In this experiment, you will use inks to identify slime and silly putty as polar or non-polar. You will also use paper chromatography to verify the inks are correctly identified as polar or non-polar.

Materials

(1) 250 mL Beaker
5 mL 4% Borax Solution, Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O
Dry Erase Marker
(1) 10 mL Graduated Cylinder
(1) 100 mL Graduated Cylinder
Filter Paper (Disk)
Filter Paper (Rectangular)
0.5 g Guar Gum
Highlighter
Permanent Marker

1 Popsicle Stick
Silly PuttyÂ®
Ruler
Stir Rod
Uni-ballÂ® Roller Pen
*Distilled or Tap Water
*Newspaper
*Notebook Paper
*Scissors

*You must provide

Procedure:

Part 1: Making Slime

1. Transfer the 0.5 g of guar gum into an empty 250 mL beaker.

2. Use the 100 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour 50.0 mL of distilled water into the 250 mL beaker with the guar gum.

3. Use the stir rod to thoroughly mix the solution.

Note: It may take a few minutes to fully dissolve the guar gum in the water.

4. Use the 10 mL graduated cylinder to measure and pour four mL of the 4% borax solution into the 250 mL beaker with the guar gum solution.

5. Use the stir rod to stir the solution until it forms a slime. This will take a few minutes. If the solution remains too runny, add an additional one mL of the 4% borax solution. Continue to stir until the solution is the right consistency.

6. Once you are satisfied with the slime's consistency, use the popsicle stick to carefully transfer it from the beaker into your hands. Be sure not to drop any of it on to the floor!

7. Manipulate the slime in your hands. When you are done, write down observations about how slime pours, stretches, breaks, feels, etc. in the Data: Part 1 section at the end of the procedure.
Caution: Slime is slippery and if dropped it can make the work area slick.

8. Transfer the slime back into the beaker and wash your hands.

Part 2: Slime and Putty Ink Tests

1. On a piece of notebook paper make one, 20 - 25 mm long mark of each of the inks you are testing. Space the marks at least one inch apart. Use a pencil to label each mark with the name of the ink source.

a. Water soluble inks include those in highlighters and certain pens.

b. Water insoluble inks include those in a permanent pen/markers, newsprint, and a Dry Erase markers.

2. While the inks are drying, select a passage or a picture in the newspaper to test with the slime.

3. Break off a small piece that is 3 - 5 cm in diameter of slime. Gently place this piece on top of the newspaper print, then carefully pick it up again.

4. Observe and record in Table 2 whether or not the ink was picked up onto the slime.

5. Break off another small piece of slime. Once the inks from Step 1 have dried, gently place the slime on top of the first spot on the notebook paper, then carefully pick it up.

6. Repeat Step 5 for each of the inks. Observe and record which inks were picked up (dissolved) by the slime in Table 2.

7. Repeat Step 6 ink testing two more times for accuracy.

8. Before performing ink tests on Silly PuttyÂ®, in the Data: Part 2 section hypothesize which inks the silly putty will pick up.

9. Perform ink tests on Silly PuttyÂ® in the same manner as above. Record your results in Table 2.

Part 3: Chromatography of Ink Samples

1. Use a pencil or scissors to poke a small hole in the center of a piece of filter paper disk (see Figure 8).

Figure 8: Chromatography apparatus for Procedure Part 3.

2. Use a rule to spot the filter paper with the two soluble ink sources, and the two insoluble ink sources used in Part 2 (four total). Each spot should be approximately two cm from the center hole, and should be evenly positioned around the circumference of the hole.

3. Cut the rectangular piece of filter paper in half. Fold the paper in half (length-wise) several times to create a narrow wick.

4. Insert the wick into the hole of the filter paper disk so that it the top of the wick is approximately two cm from the disk.

5. Fill a 250 mL beaker ³/₄ full with water (between 100 and 150 mL of water).

6. Set the filter paper disk on top of the beaker so that the bottom of the wick is submerged in the water. The disk should extend passed the circumference of the beaker with the spotted side facing up.

7. Allow water to travel up the wick until it is approximately one cm from filter paper disk. Remove the filter paper set-up from the beaker.

8. Observe which inks moved from where they were originally spotted. Record your observations in the Data: Part 3 section at the end of the procedure.

Data

Part 1

â¢ Slime Observations:

Part 2

â¢ Hypothesis for Silly PuttyÂ® (Procedure Part 2, Step 7) :

Part 3

â¢ Observations of inks following chromatography:

Table 2: Results of Ink Testing for Silly PuttyÂ®
Name of Ink	Picked up (dissolved)	Did not pick up
Name of Ink	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3	Test 1	Test 2	Test 3
Newsprint
Highlighter
Uni-ballÂ® Roller Pen
SharpieÂ® Marker
Dry Erase Marker

Post-Lab Question

1. Did the slime pick up water soluble or water insoluble inks in Part 2? From these results, what can you conclude about the polarity of slime molecules?

2. Explain how you determined your hypothesis about whether or not Silly PuttyÂ® would pick up water soluble inks. What scientific information did you incorporate to formulate the hypothesis? Was your hypothesis correct?

3. Were the inks you used properly classified as soluble and insoluble? Explain your answer.

Medical History:
A 31 yr old man, a two pack per day smoker, presented to the emergency department complaining of sudden-onset, 10/10 crushing substernal chest pain associated with shortness of breath and diaphoresis that began 30 min prior to arrival. He had no previous history of cardiovascular disease.
Physical exam: Height 192 cm, weight 153.8 kg, BMI 41.6 kg Â· mâ2 (class III obesity); blood pressure 178/101 mmHg, pulse 75 beats Â· minâ1, respiratory rate 20 breaths Â· minâ1, temperature 36.7 âC; normal heart sounds, lungs clear to auscultation, normal peripheral pulses
Electrocardiogram: Normal sinus rhythm, rate 72 beats Â· minâ1; ST-segment elevation V1-V4
Chest radiograph: Normal Blood work: Elevated cTn and CK-MB; glucose normal; blood lipids: total cholesterol 200 mg Â· dlâ1, HDL-C 45 mg Â· dlâ1, LDL-C 134 mg Â· dlâ1, triglycerides 104 mg Â· dlâ1
Chest CT: No evidence of aortic dissection Echocardiogram: Left ventricular ejection fraction 45%, hypokinesis of the anteroseptal wall, borderline left ventricular enlargement, normal diastolic function, normal cardiac valves

Diagnosis:
Acute anterior wall STEMI.

Treatment:
1. Emergent cardiac catheterization (began 46 min after initial presentation to the hospital): total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, mild diffuse narrowing of the circumflex and right coronary arteries. The LAD occlusion was treated with thrombectomy, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, and placement of a drug-eluding stent, with good result.
2. Medical treatment: Aspirin, heparin, intravenous nitroglycerin, clopidogrel, abciximab, atorvastatin, carvedilol, lisinopril, nicotine patch.
3. Nicotine dependence consultation.
4. Referral to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Complications: None Hospital dismissal: Occurred approximately 48 h after admission; appointments made to see primary physician and to begin outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program in 5 d; follow-up blood work, ECG, and cardiology appointment in 8 wk Dismissal medications: Carvedilol, aspirin, clopidogrel, lisinopril, nicotine patch, simvastatin

Outpatient Exercise Test Results (Performed 8 D after Hospital Dismissal)
8.0 min duration (treadmill), normal blood pressure and electrocardiographic responses, peak heart rate 164 beats Â· minâ1, V.O2peak = 3.04 L Â· minâ1 (20.8 ml â kgâ1 â minâ1; 47% of expected), no angina reported
Exercise Prescription:
Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program: Began 5 d after hospital dismissal; initial evaluations included assessments of neuromuscular function (normal), depression (normal), and potential sleep apnea (abnormalBerlin questionnaire, abnormal overnight oximetry resulted in referral for a sleep consultation); meeting with registered dietitian.
Exercise prescription: Goals included weight loss, increased aerobic and muscular fitness; frequency of three supervised sessions per week in cardiac rehabilitation facility plus three or four independent sessions per week (total frequency of six or seven sessions each week); average intensity using target heart rate 130 to 140 beats Â· minâ1 (60-70% heart rate reserve), RPE 12 to 14; high-intensity intervals (to begin 2 wk after starting cardiac rehabilitation) using RPE 17, heart rate <160 beats Â· minâ1; duration initially set at 10 to 15 min (not including warm-up, cool-down, strength training), gradually increasing to 45 to 60 min per session; types of exercise to include outdoor or treadmill walking, elliptical trainer; resistance training (to begin 2 wk after starting cardiac rehabilitation) using free weights and weight machines, initially one set of 8 to 15 slow repetitions, exercises for the major muscle groups, two or three sessions per week; lifestyle or general physical activity including walking short distances during the day, yard work, physical activity at work (return to work as restaurant equipment installer 4 wk after myocardial infarction).

Outcomes from 11 WK of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Medication compliance: Excellent (self-report) Exercise training: Frequency six or seven sessions per week (two or three supervised sessions per week); aerobic exercise duration 50 to 60 min per session; aerobic interval training two or three sessions per week (initially treadmill grade walking for 30 s progressing to slow jogging on treadmill for up to 4 min, three to five high-intensity intervals per session); resistance training two or three sessions per week, two or three sets of 8 to 15 repetitions, major muscle groups. Body weight: Stopped eating fast food and desserts, had more fruit, vegetables, poultry, fish; weight loss = 20.8 kg (BMI still excessive, 33.8 kg Â· mâ2). Repeat cardiopulmonary exercise test: 10.5 min duration (treadmill), normal blood pressure and electrocardiographic responses, peak heart rate 162 beats Â· minâ1, V.O2peak = 4.16 L Â· minâ1 (31.2 ml â kgâ1 â minâ1; 71% of expected), 37% increase in V.O2peak (L Â· minâ1), no angina reported. Tobacco use: One or two cigarettes daily. Blood pressure: 126/80 mmHg. Blood lipids: Total cholesterol 126 mg Â· dlâ1, HDL-C 33 mg Â· dlâ1, LDL-C 80 mg Â· dlâ1, triglycerides 65 mg Â· dlâ1. Recommendations: Stop smoking; continue medications, exercise program, and heart-healthy eating habits; continue efforts for weight loss; return appointment with cardiac rehabilitation team in 3 mo.

Discussion:
This patient was extremely young and was fortunate to realize the importance of promptly seeking medical attention with the onset of symptoms. His hospital course included standard diagnostic testing for acute myocardial infarction with subsequent timely coronary angiography with PCI of the infarct-related artery. Fortunately he did not develop serious complications and was discharged from the hospital after only 2 d. He enrolled in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation 1 wk after his MI. Of concern, he was markedly obese and may have had obstructive sleep apnea based on his abnormal Berlin questionnaire; he was referred for further evaluation in the Sleep Clinic. His course during rehabilitation was very favorable, and he did not experience post-infarction angina. He was successful in exercise and weight loss and demonstrated a remarkable increase in aerobic capacity. His challenge will be to continue taking his medications, stop smoking completely, eat a healthy diet, maintain his exercise program, and control his other coronary risk factors.

Questions:
1. What were this patientâs coronary risk factors?

2. What clinical tests were used to make the diagnosis of an acute ST-segment elevation anterior wall myocardial infarction?

3. What classes of cardiovascular medications were prescribed for this patient?

4. Compare the two cardiopulmonary exercise tests for this patient. What were the similarities? What were the differences?

5. Review the patientâs exercise prescription and program. Were the established goals achieved? Would you alter the exercise program in any fashion?

6. How effective was the patient in controlling his coronary risk factors by the time he completed 11 wk in the outpatient cardiac rehabilitation program?

7. What is his most important remaining coronary risk factor?

8. What component of the recommendations given to him at the completion of 11 wk of cardiac rehabilitation will potentially help him in sustaining his efforts at secondary prevention?

BIOL-4777EL- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 36 pages long!)

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