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ANAT 365 Study Guide - Peroxidase, Cell Membrane, Transmembrane Protein

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School
McGill University
Department
Anatomy & Cell Biology
Course
ANAT 365
Professor
Peter Mc Pherson

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Document Summary

A selective activity-dependent requirement for dynamin 1 in synaptic vesicle. Its only required for endocytosis that is selective activity-dependent. What is already known- that dynamin is required for endocytosis, this paper does not really show it. There is an activity dependent endocytosis, is a better answer. What did the paper do? it made a dynamin 1 knockout mice for the first time, There was alot of model system to disrupt the dynamin, and this blocks endocytosis. This is not the first paper to show that it blocks endocytosis. This is the first time they did a knock out mice for dynamin (close to human)dynamin. Three genes make dynaminthere was originally one ancesterol dynamin, and then with evolution formed this. Dynamin 1 was expressed only in the nervous system. Dynamin 2 is expressed ubiquitously almost every tissue. Dynamin 3 - mostly in the brain, also in the testis and other tissues.

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Related Questions

The mechanism of dynamin activity is not fully understood. Thereare two schools of thought on the matter. The first one suggeststhat the GTPase activity of dynamin allows dynamin to pinch off theneck of the vesicle. The other suggests that the GTP-bound form ofdynamin acts as a signal to recruit other enzymes that actually dothe pinching of the membrane. Since you are a cell biology stud,you decide to do an experiment to answer this questiononce-and-for-all. To do this, you prepare a mutated form of thedynamin gene that prevents it from hydrolyzing its bound GTP. Youthen perform an experiment where you express the mutated dynamingene, along with the proper controls, in animal cells lacking afunctional, endogenous dynamin gene and analyze the ability ofthose cells to form clathrin-coated vesicles. Answer the followingquestions using the data when necessary.

Cells expressing... Result
wild-type dynamin +
mutant dynamin +
no dynamin -

A. In what state is the mutant dynamin – active or inactive? In2-3 sentences, explain why you chose that answer.

B. Which of the two schools of thought does the data support?USE THE DATA GIVEN to explain your answer in 2-3 sentences.

C. What would the data look like if the other school of thoughtwas supported? Explain why in 2-3 sentences.

Cells produced in the incision-healing process in the cat’s abdomen would be ____ the other cells on her abdomen.

a) half the size of

b) haploid versions of

c) genetically different from

d) genetically identical to

During the same visit, your veterinarian recommended that your cat also receive a vaccination for feline distemper. This vaccine stimulated the cat’s immune system to produce which one or more of the following?

a) antigens b) memory cells c) antibodies d) antibiotics e) both b & c

[1] The male elephant seal (l) is much larger than the female (r) of the species. Males spend very little time raising their young. You would correctly predict that the male’s size is due primarily to _________ and that he is ___________in his mating habits.

a) natural selection; monogamous

b) sexual selection; polygamous

c) natural selection; polygamous

d) sexual selection; monogamous

[2] The Good Genes Hypothesis would account for which of the following characteristics of males that attract the most females?

a) Peacock tails, which prevent males from seeing behind them when they court

b) Sailfin molly, a dorsal-finned fish, which are enormous and easily spotted by predators

c) Guppy tailfins, which reduce their swimming speed.

d) Gray tree frogs, that call the longest and produce offspring that mature quickest

e) Fish that produce bright colors, yet have very weak immune systems.

[3] In mice, a recessive autosomal allele (o) results in obesity because the mice are unable to produce the hormone leptin from their fat cells.Normal mice with the dominant allele (O) do produce leptin. Homozygous recessive (oo) obese mice injected with leptin are observed to lose weight.

In a cross between two mice that are heterozygous for the obesity gene (Oo), you would predict which one of the following?

a) All the offspring will be obese.

b) All the offspring will be normal.

c) 50% of offspring will be able to produce leptin.

d) Obese offspring would eat less and burn more calories if injected with leptin.

e) Fat cells in obese mice release more leptin than those of their normal parents.

[4] A scientist discovers a new mutant mouse that he calls “Chunky” because they are 80% heavier than normal mice. Which one or more of the following predictions would be correct?

a) Chunky mice could have the “dd” genotype.

b) Normal mice produce more thyroxin (thyroid hormone) than Chunky mice.

c) Glycolysis would occur more rapidly in Chunky mice than normal mice.

d) A protein that blocks leptin receptors would promote weight loss in all Chunky mice.

e) Both (a) & (b) are correct.

[5] When she was 6 months old, your cat was surgically altered so that they could not reproduce. This required a small incision into the cat’s abdomen to remove the ovaries. This incision healed by a type of cell division called ______.

a) endocytosis b) meiosis c) mitosis d) exocytosis e) fusion

[6] Cells produced in the incision-healing process in the cat’s abdomen would be ____ the other cells on her abdomen.

a) half the size of

b) haploid versions of

c) genetically different from

d) genetically identical to

[7] During the same visit, your veterinarian recommended that your cat also receive a vaccination for feline distemper. This vaccine stimulated the cat’s immune system to produce which one or more of the following?

a) antigens b) memory cells c) antibodies d) antibiotics e) both b & c

How did the imagery of witches flying upon broomsticks originate? Historians have found evidence that some medieval European “drug cults” included women who would prepare a potion by grinding up belladonna plants into an extract. Known as an anesthetic and muscle relaxant, this extract was applied using long sticks on the skin for rapid absorption into the bloodstream. The resulting symptoms included slowed breathing, dilated pupils, heavy eyelids, and a delirious sensation of flying.

[8] If one of these “witches” wanted to counteract her shallow breathing and muscular weakness, you might recommend that she use …

a) botulinum toxin--an inhibitor of the release of acetylcholine.

b) calabar beans that contain an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.

c) a frog toxin that keeps the sodium ion (Na+) channels of the axon stuck opened.

d) curare, which blocks acetylcholine binding to post-synaptic muscle cells.

e) oubain, a plant toxin which inhibits the Na+/ K+ATPase pump.

After running around, a dog lies down to rest. Which of the following does not describe the flow of heat?

a. The dog loses heat by conduction to the warmer ground.
b. The dog loses heat by the evaporation through panting.
c. The dog loses heat by convection to the wind.
d. The dog gains heat by the radiation from the sun.
e. The dog generates heat by respiration.

What is the smallest number of DNA nucleotide sequence changes that must occur to cause a change in one amino acid in a particular protein?

a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) 64

Based on your success with “fakeprotein” kidney disease, you start looking at other illnesses linked to the FP gene. It turns out that while there are no other human diseases known to be linked to it, there is a disease called Krazy Koala Syndrome and the KKS gene turns out to be very similar to FP in humans. The afflicted Koala’s jump out of trees and attack the much larger animals for no reason, dying very young. When the brains of these Koala;s are evaluated, the have the spongiform character of Mad Cow Disease brains. This is typically caused by aggregates of the protein forming. Like before, there are normal KKS/FP proteins in other tissues. The KKS pre-mRNA looks like this:

Ca2+ bind dimerization Protease

Exon

Intron

Exon

Intron

Exon

The dark blocks are exons and the light blocks are introns. In normal Koala’s, you find only the full length protein (all 3 exons) in most cells, but in neurons you only find the 1st and 2nd exons. In KKS Koala’s you find a mix of the two proteins in neurons, but only the full length everywhere else.

A. There are two possible ways that alternative splicing can result in the formation of these two isoforms. What are they? What does each predict about the mutation that might be responsible for the phenotype?

B. Give an example of an experiment to test for one of these explanations. Describe what result would support the hypothesis.