ANTH 206 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Anthropology, Ecology, Intellectual Property

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ANTH 206
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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9/7/17
Brief History of Env. Anthropology
Evolutionism
o Morgan, Tylor, Marx, Engels
Morgan- lawyer and senator, worked with Iroquois confederacy
Others inspired by Morgan, Morgan has a scheme of human evolution: savagery,
barbarism, civilization
Focused on kinship systems: humans are originally matrilinear, this changes with
other cultural practices
Compared North America to Asia, tried to demonstrate single origin of
mankind (monogenist)
Define race and privilege in society
Savagery: hunting and gathering
Barbarism: agriculture
Civilization: scripture
Tylor- animism, polytheism, monotheism, science (no exam questions)
Similar framework of evolution and progress, applied to different domains of
culture
Marx- primitive society, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, communism
Marx defines MODES OF PRODUCTION
Materialist approach, concerns of livelihood, social organization around
consumption, distribution, etc.
o Evolutionism= limited number of stages, fixed sequences. Directionality (little regression),
progress from simple to complex, technological thinking
Environment is NOT an important factor but material culture and production systems
are
Thought they could predict where society is headed-- Marx thinks either capitalism
destroys everything or we turn to communism
Theological
American Anthropology
o Emerges in response to racial theories (some using evolutionist theories- white man at top
for example)
Boas considered father of North American anthropology
o Historical particularism, focused on social and physical surroundings and history
o Did’t at to put order to ciilizatio
o Cultural relativism- elements of a culture must be considered according to the terms of that
culture, that is what makes them meaningful
Penis gourd example
Natives of New Guinea are not fascinated by them, anthropologists and those
studying culture are fascinated
Feedback with anthropologists made them more intricate, become more part of
identity
Leslie White
o Wants to restore credibility of evolutionism- categorizes world into technological, social and
ideological realms
Culture is features of the world, concrete.
o Posits evolutionary stages
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o Technological determinism- everything starts from material, all social organization rests on
technology, tools, resources, etc.
Capacity of human groups to harness energy (ExT=C)
o Not too interested in ideology feedback into material techniques, ONLY LOOKS AT
MATERIAL BASE
o Seen as overly simplistic- evolutionary theories of use of energy undermined by nuclear era
White vs. Steward
o White thinks Steward wanting to generalize but not too much is foolish
o White sees evolutionism as akin to gravity
Unilinear Evolution Cons
o Boils down cultural diversity to limited set of stages and categories
o Cannot explain all data
o Simple cultures are actually very complex- difficult to understand how people think, we all
have the same brains, etc.
Neoevolutionism
o Service and Sahlins
o Try to keep idea that society goes from simple to complex, similar to Steward's multilinear
evolution
General and particular evolution
o See how the state develops
o Emphasis on positive feedback interactions between technology, demographics, ecological
change/ mark regression as exceptional
Regression= North Americans misuse caloric intake and eat junk food (AKA
maladaption)
Julian Steward
o Study effects of environment on culture
o Materialist focus
o Sauer influence, encourages environment and culture link
o Cultural ecology= concept, method, a set of procedures, NOT A THEORY
Focus on the cultural core, looks for regularities in adaptation (similar environment,
similar features in cultural core)
o Cultural core= interaction between technology and environment (tools and resources)
Second Layer of Observation= social organization that emerges due to cultural core
Third Layer= other aspects of culture, not closely related to core but shows greater
variability
Athig that he could’t eplai i ters of lielihood
o Shoshone Indians
Seasonal resources influence migration and settlement patterns
Berries --> isolated families
Pine nuts --> groups of families
o Critiques
Colonization
Steward focuses on elders describing life prior to colonization
US State/Admin
No focus on loss of land, species going extinct
Globalized Economy
What becomes valuable that was not previously valuable?
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