EDKP 396 Final: Final exam notes
9 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Lecture 1: Introduction to APA
Comorbidity = More than 1 disability in an individual.
What is APA?
1. Corrective Therapy
2. Special Physical Education
3. Adapted Physical Education
4. Adapted Physical Activity.
1. Adapted Individualize the protocol relative to the participants’ needs.
a. To change, or modify to make the protocol suitable for the individual (adjust).
2. PA = Sports, skills, Fitness Activities, Games, Gardening, Sailing, etc.
3. APA includes both PA and PE.
4. There is an order of chronology
a. From CT, to SPE, to APE, to APA.
5. APE = Simply PE for the disabled.
a. PA that are adapted to suit the needs of the disabled people.
6. APA = Is much more broader and encompassing.
a. Also deals with education, lifespan model, and empowerment.
*Know the Historical Perspectives of people with a disability (in the final) – Slide 9
What is APA? – Terminology and 4 Paradigm on the Final Exam.
1. 4 Paradigm or approaches when it comes to PA for people with disability.
1. Facilities-based approach
2. Service-based Approach
3. Supports-based approach
4. Empowerment and self-
determination Approach
2. There is an evolution of terminology and common practices for APA in the past century.
3. Practices (trepanation) and Terminology regarding disabled people reflect the culturally
and socially relevant constructs of the “time”.
1. Facilities-based Approach
1. During the early part of the 20th
century
2. Viewed person from the medical
model of patients.
*Medical model viewed person as a
patient (sick or broken, needing to be
fixed.
3. Patient experienced neglect,
isolation, and lack of dignity.
* 1940s-1960s.
*Trepanation also occurred.
1. There was an emphasis on physical rehab, posture, and fitness.
a. Largely for Physical disabilities.
i. Ex: Scoliosis
2. PE was excluded for those with “disabilities.
3. People with physical disabilities would get more attention compared to those with
intellectual disabilities.
a. People with intellectual disability were institutionalized in the 1960s.
i. Weren’t expected to do much in life.
ii. No hope for them thus no education programs for them (no attempt to
teach, make their life better, & definitely no PE).
4. Disabled people perceived as feeble.
5. For most part, it’s the people with physical disabilities that changed the behaviour and
speech towards people with disabilities.
6. Corrective therapy pertaining people with disabilities = could not be included in
everyday Phys Ed. Class.
2. Service-based Approach
1. Emerged in the 1950s
2. Individuals largely defined by the
labels of their disability.
3. Special programs and services were
provided.
*Services were segregated for the people
with disability – Ex: “MR” Swimming, “Blind”
horseback, Wheelchair games for
paraplegics.
1. PL-94-142
a. Education for All Handicapped Children Act
i. Provided rights for people with disabilities to do PA.
b. PE became guaranteed by the US constitution.
c. Now called IDEA or PE act.
d. Under the Obama Legislation and current (Trump)
2. In Physical Education terms:
a. Adapted Physical Education, Developmental PE, or Special PE became common.
b. Each of these were defined as a program based on the label of disability.
c. “You were in APE class” (special class)
3. Medical Terms for physically disabled people in the 1950s vs. 1970s:
a. 1950s: Moron, Imbecile, Idiots
b. 1970s: Mental Retardation.
4. Post-WWII a change occurred, people with physical disabilities were more accepted
due to war.
a. The impact of injured war veterans pushed to rehabilitate and create programs
for people with physical disabilities.
5. Special Olympics were held in Canada in the mid 1970s.
a. Founded by the Kennedy Shriver Foundation.
b. One of her children had a disability so they put a lot of resources.
6. In the 1960s, civil rights movements occurred.
a. People took control/ownership and fought for rights for people with disabilities,
different religions, races, etc.
3. Supports-based approach
1. Originated in the 1980s.
Before the 1980s, it was the patients’ fault,
never the environments.
2. Problems reside in “person-
environment” interaction.
*Not solely on the person
*Extra Support should allow the person to
function in the environment.
1. SBA was prompted by Sherrill and others in the late 1970s.
a. Led to a definition of APA that emphasized individual differences and not the
disability.
2. APA becomes the common term
a. Sport and lifespan becomes prominent
b. APA defined as a “change” or “adaptation” rather than “disability”
c. There’s a shift from segregated environments to “inclusive ones” people with
disability.
d. APA spans can span from pre-school to geriatrics.
e. The youngest person he taught in Douglas with 18 months old where her
checked the infants’ reflexes on the pool. Oldest was 101 y.o.
3. Duncan Wyeth
a. Looked at Braille on elevators, flashing lights on fire alarms, ramps to allow
access, etc.
4. Empowerment and Self-determination approaches
1. Major life decisions becomes
responsibility of the individual and
not experts.
2. There’s a focus on individual’s ability
to make choices, decision-making,
and self-regulate learning.
1. Self-determined Physical Activity is the ultimate goal for all citizens.
a. Including people with a disability.
2. In the ideal form of this approach, it works best for all people.
Document Summary
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