EPSC 201 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Lithosphere, List Of Rocks On Mars, Wavelength
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
EPSC 201
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
TEXTBOOK STUDY VS SLIDES
For EVERY topic
Objective 1 : Understand the general idea (not specifics do not get overwhelmed )
Objective 2 : understand what the teacher might want to ask you
Objective 3 : specifics: know names, places, terms etc
Objective 4 : do the questions in the slides
Earth in context (chap 1)
Know what people thought about the universe at different times (see slides)
Earliest thoughts : geocentric 467-1400 CE – people thought earth was the centre of the
universe
Later in the heliocentric period ( during the renaissance ) people thought that the earth and
planets orbited the sun which was the centre of the universe
Finally modern era : there is no centre of the universe , everything is in constant motion
To understand how light spectrum affects the planet see p21 in textbook
Doppler effect: change in frequency or wave length of sound, light or other waves – if the
source is approaching the observer the frequency is blue-shifted (higher frequency and shorter
wavelength), if the source is moving away from the observer the frequency is red-shifted (lower
frequency and longer wavelength)
Big Bang Theory:
-a long time ago all mass and energy was in a small area that was hot and exploded – first
neutrons/protons/electrons formed, second all hydrogen atoms
-evidence:
-380,000 yrs after cosmic microwave background on the sky – left glow in the sky
-mix of elements left on earth include primordial gas from big bang
Birth and Death of Stars:
-nuclear reactions require extreme temperatures
-stars had to form before heavier elements could form
-gravity caused collapse of gaseous nebulae which caused increase in temperature, density, and
rate of rotation – gravity formed protostar
-with nuclear fusion protostar ignited – fusion releases energy at center of star that goes
against gravity and doesn’t collapse
-red giant is a large star – late process with no hydrogen left in core to fuel nuclear fusion
-supernova is dead star – runs out of fuel, collapse, explodes
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Nebular theory: model for explaining the sequence of stages which stars/planets form nebula
-nebula forms from hydrogen and helium left over from big bang/heavy elements from fusion
in star explosion
2) gravity: pulls gas and dusk to form proto-sun
3) becomes sun
4) dust and ice form planetesimals
5) planetesimals grow by collision and shape proto-earth
6) gravity shapes proto-earth into sphere
7) after earth forms proto-planet collides to create rings
8)moon forms rings
9) atmosphere forms from volcanic gases
Earth’s agetic field
-a dipole with both a north pole and south pole
-solar wind interacts with the magnetic field
-magnetic field deflects most of the solar wind away from earth acting as a shield
-inside magnetic field is the magnetosphere
-Van Allen radiation belts are inside magnetosphere and trap solar winds and cosmic rays
Atmosphere and what It is p 28 textbook and slides
-atmosphere is gas that surrounds planet – mostly nitrogen and oxygen
-as elevation increases pressure, density, and oxygen decrease
-troposphere (0-11 km) ->weather
-stratosphere (12-47 km)
-mesosphere (47-82 km)
-thermosphere (82 km+)
Earth System:
-Atmosphere: gaseous envelope –sunlight powered
-Hydrosphere: blue liquid water –sunlight powered
-Biosphere: the wealth of life –sunlight powered
-Lithosphere: the solid earth
For the makeup of the earth pg 34-39 textbook
-egg: thin, light crust (eggshell), thick, dense mantle (eggwhite), very dense core (yolk)
-crust composition from sampling
-mantle and core characteristics from meteorites
-seismic waves: vibrations that pass through Earth from where rock breaks and slips along a
fault – travel at different velocities through different materials, measured with seismometres
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Objective 1 : understand the general idea (not specifics do not get overwhelmed ) Objective 2 : understand what the teacher might want to ask you. Objective 3 : specifics: know names, places, terms etc. Objective 4 : do the questions in the slides. Know what people thought about the universe at different times (see slides) Earliest thoughts : geocentric 467-1400 ce people thought earth was the centre of the universe. Later in the heliocentric period ( during the renaissance ) people thought that the earth and planets orbited the sun which was the centre of the universe. Finally modern era : there is no centre of the universe , everything is in constant motion. To understand how light spectrum affects the planet see p21 in textbook. A long time ago all mass and energy was in a small area that was hot and exploded first neutrons/protons/electrons formed, second all hydrogen atoms.
