Geography
216
Test
1
Review
Lecture
2:
Geographies
of
Global
Change
• Economic
geography
is
the
why
of
the
economic
where.
• Economic
geography
is
helpful
is
trying
to
figure
out
uneven
development,
industrial
location
etc..
and
if
we
can
figure
these
things
out
maybe
they
can
be
reproduced.
• Internationalization:
the
extent
to
which
different
national
economies
interact
with
one
another
through
the
exchange
of
goods
and
services
o Quantitative
o Focus
on
the
“extension
of
economic
activities
across
national
boundaries
o Trade
date/production
figures
• Economic
Globalization:
involves
more
than
increased
international
trade
o Quantitative
and
qualitative
approach
o Set
of
processes
through
which
economic
activities
are
increasingly
interconnected
–
function
integration
of
production
activities
o Emergence
of
a
new
set
of
actors
on
the
global
stage
(institutions,
agreements)
• Globalization
Explanations
1. Hyper-‐globalizers
o New-‐world
economic,
borderless
economy
o Nation
States
are
not
significant
actors
o Everything
is
becoming
homogenous
o Smaller
Camps
within
this
idea
2. Skeptics
o Economic
globalization
is
overblown
–
a
myth
or
mislabeling
of
internationalization
3. Transformationalists
o Globalization
is
on-‐going
and
transformative
o New
geographies
are
being
created
o Economic
relationships
are
stretched
and
intensified
• Economic
integration
is
an
old
process.
o The
new
parts
of
Globalization
have
been
qualitative.
E.g.:
improved
technology,
new
markets,
institutions,
rules
&
norms,
new
actors
in
the
global
market
• Globalization
has
been
a
huge
component
of
capitalism.
• Globalization
and
creative
destruction
go
hand
in
hand.
Lecture
3:
Mapping
the
World
Economy
• Fordism:
mass
production
and
mass
consumption
(WW2-‐1970’s)
• Post
Fordism:
computer
technology,
more
flexible
production
• Industries
want
to
locate
near
where
inputs
are
located
(old
idea)
• Agglomeration
à
businesses
located
in
the
same
area
to
stay
interconnected
• How
to
measure
development?
o GDP
o GDP
growth
rates
o Must
facto
in
inequality
within
the
country
o Capitalist
economies
must
have
at
least
3%
growth
per
year
to
continue
o HDI
• Modernization
Theory:
each
country
begins
undeveloped
and
moves
through
a
series
of
steps
to
become
industrialized
(Rostow)
• Dependency
Theory:
colonization
has
left
the
third
world
dependent
on
the
first
world
(Frank)
• World
Systems
Theory:
structural
relationships
between
places,
use
the
terms
core,
periphery
and
semi-‐periphery
(Wallerstein)
• Uneven
Development:
path
dependency
between
nations
Lecture
4:
How
Economies
are
Organized
• Types
of
Economic
Sectors
o Primary:
fishing,
forestry,
mining,
agriculture,
natural
resources
o Secondary:
transformation
of
primary
goods,
assemble
raw
materials,
manufacturing
o Tertiary:
sale
and
exchange
of
goods
and
services
(retail,
professional,
education,
health)
o Quaternary:
handling
and
processing
of
knowledge
and
info
• Patterns
of
Production
o Formal
Sector:
recognized
by
the
state,
subject
to
the
law,
regulation
and
taxation,
small
businesses
à
MNCs
o Informal
Sector:
by-‐pass
state,
tend
to
be
small
or
family
operated,
subsistence
farmers
to
urban
sellers
o Dualism:
exists
when
extremes
of
wealth
and
poverty
live
side
by
side
in
an
economy
o Public
Goods:
goods
and
services
that
are
provided
communally;
usually
by
the
government
(national
defense,
education,
parks,
roads,
healthcare…)
• Tasks
of
an
Economic
Society
o Organize
to
produce
enough
goods
and
services
to
assure
its
survival
o Arrange
the
distribution
of
production
so
more
production
can
take
place
o Answer
what,
how,
where,
to
whom,
and
by
whom
• Modes
of
Production
and
Distribution
o Systems
with
distinct
relationships
among
the
factors
of
production
o Capitalist
(Free
Market
Economy)
§ Location
of
Decision
Making:
decentralized,
producer
and
consumer
sovereignty
§ Ownership
and
control
of
the
means
of
production:
individual
entrepreneurs,
private
property
rights
§ Allocative
mechanism:
price
mechanism
used
for
consumer
goods,
land,
labour
and
capital;
price
is
based
on
the
interaction
between
consumers
and
producers
in
the
market;
employees
sell
their
labour
according
to
industry
price
§ Pattern
of
industry:
competition
with
freedom
of
entry
and
exit
§ Spatial
organization:
spatially
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