BIOLOGY 1A03 Study Guide - Final Guide: Rna Tie Club, George Gamow, Francis Crick

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violetfish831

31 Mar 2018

School

McMaster University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOLOGY 1A03

Professor

Alastair Tracey Rosa Da Silva

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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Proteins are made from 20 different amino acids, but there are only 4 nucleotides in mrna: a, Shortly after the discovery of dna (james watson, francis crick and rosalind franklin), ppl wanted to understand how to read dna. It"s i(cid:373)porta(cid:374)t to deter(cid:373)i(cid:374)e how many specific nucleotide bases code for a single amino acid: george gamow suggested the # of nucleotides that would be necessary to code for one amino acid. In 1954: founded the rna tie club; had 20 members (one for each aa) and 4 honorary members (one for each nucleotide) If one nucleotide coded for one aa, then dna could only code for 4 distinct aa residues: determined that a 1-base code would not be enough to code for all 20 aas. Based on the same reasoning, gamow rationalized that a 2-base code would not be sufficient to code for the 20 aas of the cell.

Related Questions

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

1. The four nucleotides found in human DNA (G, A, T, C) combinein groups of three to create potentially 64 different amino acids,but only 20 amino acids, one start codon and three stop codons areused to construct proteins. Why is this so?

a.Many amino acids are not considered complete until they bindwith a second amino acid.
b.64 amino acids are produced, but the body only integrates
c.42 of them into proteins. 64 amino acids are initially produced,but 42 of them are unstable and degrade immediately. Differentd.nucleotide combinations code for the same amino acid.

2.What term is used to describe the phenomenon that there are 64different groups of 3 nucleotides to code for amino acids but only20 amino acids, 1 start codon, and 3 stop codon used in proteinconstruction.

a.Crossing over
b.Redundancy
c.DNA structure
d.Transcription

Suppose a male and a female with chromosomes "DD" (male) and"dd" (female) crossbreed. How likely is their offspring to exhibitthe DD genotype?

100%
25%
50%
0%

4.What term best describes the genotype of "dd"?
a.heterozygous
b.monohybrid
c.homozygous
d.haploid

5.Suppose a male and a female with chromosomes "DDBb" (male) and"ddBB" (female) interbreed. How likely is their offpsring toexhibit the DdBb genotype? 100% 50% 25% 0%?

6. What term best describes the breeding perfomed when a maleand female with chromosomes "DDBb" (male) and "ddBB" (female)interbreed?

Dihybrid cross

Codominance

Incomplete dominance

Monohybrid cross

tealgoat796

Fill in the blank. Elongation during translation does NOT involve ____________.

Question 16 options:

	the translation of codons according to the genetic code
	the formation of bonds catalyzed by the ribosome
	complementary base pairing between RNA molecules
	amino acids being linked together in a polypeptide
	reading the DNA template 3' to 5'

For a given gene, what establishes the reading frame for translation?

Question 17 options:

	the location of the enhancer relative to the gene
	the first three nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA
	the first three nucleotides at the 3' end of the mRNA
	the start codon in the mRNA
	the location of the promoter relative to the gene

Which of the following is the LEAST likely direct consequence of a substitution mutation?

Question 18 options:

	changing the length of a protein coded for by a gene
	changing one amino acid in a protein
	creating a stop codon
	eliminating a start codon
	changing the length of the DNA molecule containing a gene

Suppose that the pre-mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic gene is 30,000 nucleotides long, and the gene codes for a sequence of 300 amino acids. What is the best explanation for the relationship between these numbers?

Question 19 options:

	only the first 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	it takes 100 nucleotides to specify a single amino acid
	300 of the nucleotides in the transcript are important, and the rest are "junk"
	only the last 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	large portions of pre-mRNA transcripts are cut out during RNA processing

Suppose an individual is born into a population with a novel mutation. Is the new mutation an evolutionary change, and why?

Question 20 options:

	no, because it is not a big enough change to count
	yes, because new mutations are always adaptive
	yes, because the appearance of a new genetic variant is a genetic change in a population
	no, because not enough individuals have the mutation for it to matter
	no, because most mutations are not adaptive

BIOLOGY 1A03 Study Guide - Final Guide: Rna Tie Club, George Gamow, Francis Crick

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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