BIOLOGY 1A03 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Protein Isoform, Transcription Bubble, Glycosylation

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erintoad49

19 Apr 2018

School

McMaster University

Department

Biology

Course

BIOLOGY 1A03

Professor

Alastair Tracey Rosa Da Silva

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BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

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Document Summary

Glucose processing produces most of the electron carriers that are used to make atp. Pyruvate -> acetyl coa -> enters mitochondrial matrix. Use acetyl coa -> atp, co2, nadh, fadh2. Produce small amounts of atp from carbon compounds. Produce high amounts of atp from carbon compounds (through complex membrane system) Need to coat in gold in order to view. 2d: slap on plate and see how it crawls. 1d: edge into glass, cell walks the line. Ascb - fastest cell culture recorded for 24 hours. Winner: bone marrow stem cells from u of singapore (5. 2 microns/minute) Cause: skin and lower respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis. Forms polysaccharide biofilm - invisibility coat to antibiotics -> resistance. Caused by clostridium difficile normally present in colon. Cause toxin and antibiotic associated diarrhea and antibiotic resistance. Fecal transplants from "lean" donor to increase insulin sensitivity. Extreme tolerance to water loss (up to 30-40% of body weight) Survive up to 2 weeks w limited food.

Related Questions

20. All living things must maintain a constantinternal environment to function properly through the process of__. (Points : 2)

metamorphosis
alkalosis
homeostasis
cryogenesis

Question 21.21. Glucose, fructose, sucrose,starch and glycogen are all examples of ___. (Points : 2)

proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids

Question 22.22. Some insects can "walk onwater" because __. (Points : 2)

water has a high surfacetension
water is adhesive
water istransparent
water expands when itfreezes

Question 23.23. To overcome an energy barrierbetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction, energy mustbe provided to get the reaction started. This energy is called ___energy. (Points : 2)

potential
reaction
initiation
activation

Question 24.24. Where in the cell doesglycolysis takes place? (Points : 2)

lysosomes
cytoplasm
mitochondria
nucleus

Question 25.25. Photosynthesis uses sunlightto convert water and carbon dioxide into __. (Points : 2)

carbon dioxide andwater
oxygen and sugars
proteins and sugars
carbon dioxide andoxygen

Question 26.26. The _____ of photosynthesisare the _____ of cellular respiration. (Points : 2)

electrons, protons
pigments, products
products, reactants
elements, atoms

Question 27.27. The energy currency of thecell is __. (Points : 2)

glucose
ATP
starch
glycogen

Question 28.28. When blood glucose levelsdecrease (as between meals), what reserves are tapped first?(Points : 2)

glycogen
fats
steroids
amino acids

Question 29.29. When glucose is used as anenergy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced by the ____portion of the entire respiratory process. (Points : 2)

glycolytic
Kreb's cycle
acetyl-CoAformation
electron transportchain

Question 30.30. Pyruvic acid can be regardedas the end product of ____. (Points : 2)

glycolysis
fermentation
the Kreb cycle
the electron transportchain

Question 31.31. How can one increase the rateof a chemical reaction? (Points : 2)

Increase the activationenergy.
Cool the reactants.
Decrease the pH.
Add an enzyme(catalyst).

Question 32.32. A prokaryote has ___. (Points: 2)

membrane-boundorganelles
nucleus
mitochondria
a cell membrane

Question 33.33. Unlike animal cells, plantcells have __. (Points : 2)

cell membranes
cell walls
chromosomes
mitochondria

Question 34.34. Which of the followingrequires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane? (Points: 2)

diffusion
osmosis
active transport
passive transport

Question 35.35. The ___ is the site of proteinsynthesis. (Points : 2)

nucleus
ribosome
mitochondrion
cytoskeleton

Question 36.36. Diffusion of water through asemipermeable membrane is called __. (Points : 2)

osmosis
diffusion
active transport
passive transport

Question 37.37. Which component of a cellmembrane is likely to function as a transporter? (Points : 2)

cholesterol
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 38.38. If potato slice is placed indistilled water, the cells would most likely __. (Points : 2)

lose water and becomelimp
neither take up water orlose water
take up water andswell
transport water into thecell by active transport.

Question 39.39. The chloroplast functions in___. (Points : 2)

protein synthesis
lipid storage
DNA replication
photosynthesis

Question 40.40. The fluid mosaic modelpresents the modern view of ___. (Points : 2)

the cell membranestructure
chromosome movementduring mitosis
protein synthesis
ATP production

Question 41.41. During which stage of mitosisdo nucleoli reappear and the nuclear membrane reforms? (Points :2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 42.42. During which stage of mitosisdo chromatids separate to form two sets of daughter chromosomes?(Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 43.43. Which of the following is thelongest stage of mitosis? (Points : 2)

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 44.44. When during the cell cycle isDNA replicated? (Points : 2)

metaphase
Synthesis phase (S)
G1
cytokinesis

Question 45.45. A cell with 10 chromosomesundergoes mitosis and cell division. How many daughter cells areproduced and what number of chromosomes do they have? (Points :2)

4 daughter cells, 20chromosomes each
4 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 10chromosomes each
2 daughter cells, 5chromosomes each

Question 46.46. Maize (corn) has a haploidnumber of 10. How many chromosomes are in a zygote of maize?(Points : 2)

5
10
20
Not enough informationprovided

Question 47.47. Crossing over is one of themost important events in meiosis because __. (Points : 2)

homologous chromosomesare separated into different daughter cells
the number of chromosomesallotted to each daughter cell must be halved
sister chromatids must beseparated into different daughter cells
it produces new arrays ofalleles on chromosomes and contributes to genetic diversity

Question 48.48. While viewing stained onionroot tip cells you notice that distinct chromosomes cannot beobserved in most of the cells. This is because most of the cells___. (Points : 2)

were killed whilepreparing the slide
are in Interphase
are in metaphase
are undergoingMeiosis

Question 49.49. Each offspring cell producedby binary fission contains __. (Points : 2)

half the chromosomes ofthe original cell
twice as many chromosomesas the original cell
an independent assortmentof the original cell's chromosomes
an identical copy of theoriginal cell's chromosome.

Question 50.50. A DNA strand has the sequenceA-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A. What would be its complementary strand? (Points: 2)

G-T-G-A-T-T-A-C-G
A-C-A-G-C-C-G-T-A
T-G-T-C-G-G-C-A-T
U-G-U-C-G-G-C-A-U

erinmoose680

Â· Question 35

0 out of 2 points

Why is it so difficult to design a vaccine against HIV?

Â· Question 37

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer ?

Â· Question 39

2 out of 2 points

Cancer could be caused by _________.

Â· Question 41

0 out of 2 points

Tumor-suppressor genes _____.

Â· Question 43

0 out of 2 points

The example of a chromosomal rearrangement that resulted in a ligand-independent form of the EGF receptor results in tumor formation. The gene that encodes the EGF receptor would be classified as?

Â· Question 44

0 out of 2 points

Cancer can arise from (select all that apply):
1 Gain-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
2 Loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressors
3 Gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes
4 Loss-of-function mutations in oncogenes
5 Loss-of-function mutations in DNA repair genes

Â· Question 45

2 out of 2 points

Which statement about the Rb tumor suppressor protein is NOT true?

Â· Question 46

0 out of 2 points

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Â· Question 47

0 out of 2 points

Which type of disorder is most difficult to correct by gene therapy?

Â· Question 48

2 out of 2 points

Gene therapy requires__________.

Â· Question 49

0 out of 2 points

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because_________.

Â· Question 50

0 out of 2 points

Genetically engineered plants ________.

Â· Question 51

2 out of 2 points

How old is the earth thought to be based on radiometric measurements?

Â· Question 52

2 out of 2 points

Different cell organelles differ from each other in terms of their molecular components and structure. For example, lysosomes are packed with digestive enzymes and function in the degradation or turnover of cellular components. How are lysosomes populated with the digestive enzymes?

Â· Question 53

2 out of 2 points

Animal cells are protected from their environment by a thin plasma membrane. The membrane must be strong to be protective. What holds the plasma membrane together?

Â· Question 54

0 out of 2 points

Your lungs and respiratory tract are cleared of particles that you breathe in, such as pollen or other air borne particulates, by the waving motion of cilia lining your respiratory tract. What are the underlying subcellular structures or processes that sponsors this movement in cilia?

Â· Question 55

0 out of 2 points

What are examples of a cellular oxidation reactions?

Â· Question 56

0 out of 2 points

Enzyme catalyzed reactions

Â· Question 57

0 out of 2 points

What metabolite is formed in the terminal step of glycolysis that is taken up my mitochondria?

Â· Question 58

0 out of 2 points

The ultimate electron acceptor in cellular respiration is _______________, while the ultimate electron donor in the light reactions of photosynthesis is ___________________.

Â· Question 59

0 out of 2 points

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the energy from electron transport in mitochondria

Â· Question 60

0 out of 2 points

Less energy is derived from the fermentation of glucose than from its breakdown by cellular respiration because there is less free energy difference between glucose and the products of fermentation.

Â· Question 61

0 out of 2 points

Grocery products list the fat and saturated fat content on most processed foods. Saturated fats are thought to be more of problem to human health than unsaturated fats because saturated fats â¦â¦â¦

Â· Question 62

0 out of 2 points

While wading in swallow seawater, you found a jellyfish, picked it up, rinsed it off and put it in a bucket of tap water. What is likely to happen to cells of the jellyfish?

Â· Question 63

2 out of 2 points

Glucose is one of the important nutrients in meeting the energy needs for the cells in your body. One means by which glucose is taken up by cells is through facilitated diffusion. In facilitated diffusion, glucose is taken up â¦

Â· Question 64

0 out of 2 points

If eukaryotic cells didnât have internal organelles, how would they likely differ?

Â· Question 65

2 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi apparatus?

Â· Question 66

2 out of 2 points

About how many ribosomes might be found in a typical animal cell?

Â· Question 67

2 out of 2 points

Some large molecules, such as proteins, are synthesized in the cytoplasm but are required for functions in the nucleus. How do large molecules, such as proteins get into the nucleus?

Â· Question 68

0 out of 2 points

The free energy change (ÎG) for synthesis of ATP is +7.3 kilocalories/mole and ÎG for the breakdown of glucose is -686 kilocalories/mole. If ~29 ATP molecules are formed from each glucose molecule during cellular respiration, then about how efficient is cell respiration converting the energy from glucose into ATP?

Â· Question 69

2 out of 2 points

Photosynthesis produces most all the oxygen in the air we breathe. Where does oxygen come from in photosynthesis?

Â· Question 70

0 out of 2 points

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble hormones and their cell receptors â¦.

Â· Question 71

0 out of 2 points

If not all the nuclear DNA in a cell is synthesized during S phase in the cell cycle, then what is to prevent the cell from dividing?

Â· Question 72

0 out of 2 points

In what direction are DNA strands synthesized?

Â· Question 73

0 out of 2 points

Replication of your DNA has to be a very faithful to maintain the integrity of your genome. DNA polymerase inserts an incorrect deoxyribonucleotide every 100, 000 bases.

Â· Question 74

0 out of 2 points

RNA synthesis and processing differs somewhat between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Â· Question 75

0 out of 2 points

Translation in prokaryotes

Â· Question 76

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following processes are important for normal development?

Â· Question 77

0 out of 2 points

Within an organism, what makes one cell type different from another?

Â· Question 78

0 out of 2 points

What makes each insect body segment different from another?

Â· Question 79

2 out of 2 points

Which of the following molecules, structures or organelles is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

Â· Question 80

2 out of 2 points

Which answer below places molecules or subcellular structures in the correct order by size, from smallest to largest?

Â· Question 81

0 out of 2 points

Which statement is correct concerning stem cells in animals and meristems in plants?

Â· Question 82

0 out of 2 points

Cell differentiation always involves _____.

Â· Question 83

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your brain cells is true?

Â· Question 84

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following properties describes the importance of epithelia in maintaining homeostasis?

Â· Question 85

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following most accurately describe the concept of âpattern formationâ during embryogenesis?

Â· Question 86

0 out of 2 points

Based on the figure above, showing hemoglobin saturation curves under (A) normal CO₂ and (B) elevated CO₂ concentrations, which of the following conclusions is true?

Â· Question 87

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

Â· Question 88

0 out of 2 points

Circulatory systems compensate for _____.

Â· Question 89

0 out of 2 points

Which observation is evidence for genetic equivalence in plants or animals?

Â· Question 90

0 out of 2 points

What is the relationship between the endosperm of corn and the cotyledons of beans?

Â· Question 91

0 out of 2 points

Which factor contributes to driving the flow of water through xylem?

Â· Question 92

0 out of 2 points

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis of phloem transport, _____.

Â· Question 93

0 out of 2 points

A bicoid
loss-of-function mutant lacks a head while injection of normal Bicoid+
mRNA into the posterior end of an oocyte produces embryos with 2 heads. This indicates that the normal Bicoid+ gene function is

Â· Question 94

2 out of 2 points

A molecule that during development provides positional information via a concentration gradient is known as a

Â· Question 95

0 out of 2 points

An advantage of asexual reproduction is that it _____.

Â· Question 96

2 out of 2 points

An advantage of cross-pollination is that _____.

Â· Question 97

0 out of 2 points

When a mammalian embryo implants into the uterine wall, the embryo produces chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which

Â· Question 98

0 out of 2 points

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for sexual reproduction in most vertebrates?

Â· Question 99

0 out of 2 points

Embryonic stem cells have advantages for research and possible therapeutic applications because

Â· Question 100

0 out of 2 points


	Plant development is different from animals because plant development

ambermarten481

Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled and referred to as redox reactions. Electrons are the atomic particles that participate in chemical bonds and are used by cells to generate an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Cells have require ATP to maintain membrane properties and metabolism, because ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that may be cleaved to release energy. Cells synthesize ATP through phosphorylation. Cells must perform many chemical reactions within a certain temperature, pH and osmolarity range. In general chemical reactions in a cell would occur over time without enzymes, and it might require big changes in temperature. Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being altered in the process. Review protein structure and function in chapter 2 to understand how enzymes work. Enzymes also may act as 'switches' and be the rate controlling steps in a biochemcial pathway. There are several ways enzyme activity is altered by other factors or physical conditions.

1. The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't the injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection?

2. How do we know that streptokinase will break down fibrin and not functional tissue?

3. 5 bromouracil is used as an anti cancer drug it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes during DNA replication, name the enzyme site the nucleoside analog is probably binding.

Most of a cell's energy is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most common oxidized carbohydrate. There are two types of glucose catabolism respiration and fermentation.

4. Is glucose completely broken down in respiration or fermentation?

greenhedgehog909

BIOLOGY 1A03 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Protein Isoform, Transcription Bubble, Glycosylation

BIOLOGY 1A03 Full Course Notes

Document Summary

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