BIOLOGY 2B03 Study Guide - Final Guide: Depolymerization, Adenine, Apoptosis
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Second messengers play an important role in cellcommunication.
Which of the following best describes their role?
None | ||
integrate, amplify and distribute messages throughout thecell | ||
Release messages to other cells? | ||
Receive information at the cell surface |
What is true of disulfide bonds?
a. | They often occur in the cytosol | |
b. | They are a noncovalent bond | |
c. | They are formed enzymatically in the ER | |
d. | They act as reducing agents | |
e. | they increase protein flexibility |
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell communicationmolecule?
nucleases | ||
nitric oxide | ||
hormones | ||
kinases |
What is true of binding pockets?
a. | They only occur in the membrane | |
b. | They occur in unfolded proteins | |
c. | They contain electrostatic interactions | |
d. | They contain variable amino acids | |
e. |
What is true of cell signaling?
a. | Extracellular signals transduced by rectors always alter cellbehavior very quickly | |
b. | Some cells require cell signals just to survive | |
c. | Cell signals can be interpreted differently by differentcells | |
d. | B and C only | |
e. | All of the above (A, B and C) |
Histone tails can be modified to change the shape and"tightness" of the nucleosomes. Acetylated histones result in whicheffect?
Open DNA | ||
increased transcription | ||
closed DNA | ||
decreased transcription | ||
1+2 | ||
1+4 | ||
3+4 | ||
2+3 |
Shifting the two bound tRNA from the A and P sites to the E andP sites of the ribosome involves:
a. | The movement of the small ribosome subunit down the mRNAchain | |
b. | The degradation of the A site on ribosome | |
c. | The synthesis of the E site on the ribosome | |
d. | The movement of the large subunit relative to the smallsubunit | |
e. | All of the above |
Intracellular signaling pathways are awesome! What is the onething they can NOT do?
a. | relay the signal, to spread it through the cell | |
b. | nothing, they can communicate any cellular need | |
c. | distribute the signal to more than one effector protein | |
d. | integrate the signal from more than one cellular pathway | |
e. | Amplify the signal received, making the signal stronger |
Specificity of protein/protein and protein/DNA binding isdetermined by what?
Non-covalent bonds | ||
Hydrophobic interactions | ||
Covalent bonds | ||
shape of the binding site | ||
all of the above | ||
none of the above | ||
1,2,3 | ||
1,2,4 | ||
1,3,4 |
The coiling structure of the DNA into chromosomes is achieved bywhat?
alpha helix | ||
beta pleated sheets | ||
chaperone proteins | ||
DNA/Protein complexing |
Which regions (s) of the DNA are found in the final protein?
a. | poly-A tail | |
b. | A and B | |
c. | Exons | |
d. | UTRs | |
e. | Introns |
Metabolic processes can be turned "on" and "off" by chemicalmodifcation.
Which chemical modification do we associate with changing theactivity of an enzyme in a transient/non-permanent manner?
Phosphorylation | ||
Ubiquitination | ||
Methylation | ||
Acetylation |
DNA hybridization involves attaching a florescent dye towhat?
a. | Antibody | |
b. | Nuclear stain | |
c. | Probe DNA | |
d. | tRNA | |
e. | rRNA |
If an organism’s diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |
Q:
If an organism’s diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?
A. | 512 | |
B. | 9 | |
C. | 18 | |
D. | 128 | |
E. | 36 |
At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.
A. | sister chromatids | |
B. | germ cells | |
C. | homologous chromosomes | |
D. | haploid chromatids | |
E. | centrioles |
Mendel observed that dominant traits
A. | are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments. | |
B. | are expressed in all plants. | |
C. | were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments. | |
D. | were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments. | |
E. | are only expressed in hybrids. |
Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because
A. | there is no difference. | |
B. | in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts. | |
C. | the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells. | |
D. | plant cells have a rigid cell wall. | |
E. | a contractile ring forms only in plant cells. |
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?
A. | complete dominance | |
B. | incomplete dominance | |
C. | codominance | |
D. | multiple alleles | |
E. | recessive dominance |
Which of the following statements is true:
A. | The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals. | |
B. | With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected. | |
C. | In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype. | |
D. | In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. | |
E. | With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected. |
Skin cancers typically develop in the
A. | upper layers of the epidermis. | |
B. | lower layers of the dermis. | |
C. | subcutaneous layer. | |
D. | lower layers of the epidermis. | |
E. | upper layers of the dermis. |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?
A. | 1/2 | |
B. | 0 | |
C. | 1/16 | |
D. | 1/4 | |
E. | 1/8 |
The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its
A. | genotype. | |
B. | heterozygosity. | |
C. | phenotype. | |
D. | filial. | |
E. | dominance. |
What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?
A. | chromatin | |
B. | kinetochore | |
C. | MPF | |
D. | centromere | |
E. | cyclin |
If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in
A. | telophase. | |
B. | anaphase. | |
C. | interphase. | |
D. | metaphase. | |
E. | prophase. |
Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because
A. | he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations. | |
B. | he studied the parental plants to determine their differences. | |
C. | he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner. | |
D. | he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern. | |
E. | pea plants have genetics different from other organisms. |
Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?
A. | None of the above | |
B. | TtGg x Ttgg | |
C. | ttGG x TTgg | |
D. | TtGg x TtGg | |
E. | TtGg x ttgg |
In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the
A. | superwoman echidna. | |
B. | mutant superman. | |
C. | sonic hedgehog. | |
D. | mutant mole rat. | |
E. | superhero aardvark. |
The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene
A. | segregate from each other during meiosis. | |
B. | must always be the same allele. | |
C. | separate from each other during mitosis. | |
D. | will both wind up in either the sperm or egg. | |
E. | move together as a unit during meiosis. |
In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?
A. | metaphase and telophase | |
B. | anaphase and metaphase | |
C. | interphase and telophase | |
D. | interphase and prophase | |
E. | metaphase and prophase |
Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of
A. | the principle of dihybrids. | |
B. | multiple alleles. | |
C. | heterozygosity. | |
D. | incomplete dominance. | |
E. | independent assortment. |
An allele is
A. | an alternate form of a gene. | |
B. | always recessive. | |
C. | the main factor determining a trait. | |
D. | always one of a pair. | |
E. | the dominant form of a gene. |
After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are
A. | spindle fibers. | |
B. | kinetochores. | |
C. | chromatids. | |
D. | chromatin. | |
E. | centromeres. |
Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called
A. | egg cells. | |
B. | somatic cells. | |
C. | germ cells. | |
D. | stem cells. | |
E. | basal cells. |