Retailers, Wholesalers, and Direct Marketers
Retailing
• Activities involved in selling merchandise to ultimate consumers
− contact points between channel members and ultimate consumers
• Act as customers and marketers
• represent the distribution channel to most consumers since a typical shopper has little contact
with manufacturers and virtually no contact with wholesaling intermediaries.
• determine locations, store hours, number of sales personnel, store layouts, merchandise
selections, and return policies
− factors that often influence the consumers’ images of the offerings more strongly than
consumers’ images of the products themselves
• creating time, place, and ownership utilities.
• Marketers should care about retailers
▯brands need a physical presence
▯ ∆ Channels of Distribution/Retailers within channels = ∆ capabilities/ Brand opportunities
Evolution of Retailing
• The general store – First type of retail institution
• Rise of supermarkets in the early 1930s, discount stores in the 1950s, convenience stores in the
1960s, and offprice retailers in the 1980s and 1990s
• Wheel of retailing – Hypothesis that each new type of retailer gains a competitive foothold by
offering lower prices than current suppliers charge; the result of reducing or eliminating
services
▯ explains the patterns of change in retailing
Retailing Strategy
• develops a marketing strategy based on the firm’s goals and strategic plans
• Retailers base key decisions on two fundamental steps in the marketing strategy process:
− Selecting a target market
− Developing a retailing mix to satisfy the chosen market
Selecting a Target Market
• Consider size and profit potential of the market and the level of competition
• demographic, geographic, and psychographic profiles to segment markets
Merchandising Strategy
• Guides retailer’s decisions on the items it will offer
• While developing the merchandise mix, retailers should consider:
− Needs and preferences of its target market
− Competitive environment influencing choices
− Overall profitability of each product line and category
− How to Display it
• decide on general merchandise categories, product lines, specific items within lines, and the
depth and width of its assortments
• Category Management
− Seeks to improve retailer’s product performance through coordinated buying,
merchandising, and pricing − Category management evaluates performance according to each product category.
− Categories that underperform may be dropped even if they are strong brands.
• The Battle for Shelf Space
− Proliferation of new products and variations on existing ones have increased the
competition for shelf space.
− Stockkeeping unit (SKU) – Offering within a product line such as a specific size of
liquid detergent
− Major retailers increasingly make demands from manufacturers—such as pricing and
promotional concessions—in exchange for shelf space.
− Slotting allowances – Nonrefundable fees grocery retailers receive from manufacturers
to secure shelf space for new products
o A manufacturer can pay a retailer as much as $40 000 per item just to get its
new products displayed on store shelves.
− failure fees ▯imposed if a new product does not meet sales projections
− annual renewal fees ▯a “pay to stay” inducement for retailers to continue carrying
brands
− trade allowances, discounts on highvolume purchases, survey fees for research done by
the retailers, and even fees to allow salespeople to present new items
CustomerService Strategy
• Heightened customer service is one possible retailing strategy.
• The goal is to attract and retain target customers to increase sales and profits.
• Some services that retailers could provide:
− Enhanced comfort through lounges, complimentary coffee, convenient restrooms
− Childcare services for customers
− Virtual assistance programs
• must specify which services the firm will offer and whether it will charge customers for these
services
− depend on several conditions:
o store size, type, and location
o merchandise assortment
o services offered by competitors
o customer expectations; and financial resources.
Pricing Strategy
• Prices reflect a retailer’s marketing objectives and policies.
• They affect consumer perceptions
• Markups and Markdowns
− Markup ▯Amount a retailer adds to the cost of a product to determine its selling price
− Markup is influenced by two factors:
o Services performed by the retailer
o Inventory turnover rate
− markup affects the retailer’s ability to attract shoppers
− Markdown ▯Amount by which a retailer reduces the original selling price of a product Location/Distribution Strategy
• Location depends on many factors, including the type of merchandise, the retailer’s financial
resources, characteristics of the target market, and site availability.
• determining factor in the success or failure of a retail business.
• A retailer can be located at an isolated site, in a central business district, or in a planned
shopping centre.
• Locations in Planned Shopping Centres
− Planned shopping centre ▯group of retail stores planned, coordinated and marketed as
a unit
o Neighborhood shopping centre
o Community shopping centre
o Regional shopping centre
o Power centre
o Lifestyle centre
− Neighbourhood shopping centre
o 5 – 15 stores (serves 5000 – 50 000 people)
− Community shopping centre
o 10 – 30 stores (serve 20 000 to 100 000 people)
− Regional shopping centre
o some major anchor stores and as many as 200 smaller stores (serves 250 000
people or more)
− Power centre
o usually located near a regional centre, and brings together many standalone
specialty retailers, such as Costco, Michaels, Pier 1, Rona, etc.
− Lifestyle centre
o seeks to offer a combination of shopping, movie theatres, stages for concerts and
live entertainment, decorative fountains and park benches in greenways, and
restaurants and bistros in an attractive outdoor environment
Promotional Strategy
• Promotion informs customers about locations, merchandise selections, hours of operation, and
prices.
• Helps retailers attract shoppers and build customer loyalty
• National chains purchase advertising in print and broadcast media.
• Salespeople play an important role
− Selling up ▯ Persuading customers to buy higherpriced items than originally intended
− Suggestion selling ▯ Broadening a customer’s original purchase by adding related
items, special promotional products, or seasonal merchandise
− Poor service can influence customers’ attitudes about a retailer.
− a source of information
− salesperson must possess extensive knowledge regarding credit policies, discounts,
special sales, delivery terms, layaways, and returns
Store Atmospherics
• Atmospherics – combination of physical characteristics and amenities that contribute to a
store’s image
− Exterior décor should help identify the retailer and attract target market shoppers − Interior decor should compliment retailer’s image, respond to customers’ interests, and
induce shoppers to buy
Types of Retailers
(1) forms of ownership ▯corporate chain, independent retailer
(2) shopping effort expended by customers ▯convience, shopping, specialty stores
(3) services provided to customers ▯selfselection, limited/full/selfservice
(4) product lines, ▯specialty retailer, limitedline retailer
(5) location of retail transactions ▯retail stores, nonretail & internet stores
Forms of Ownership
• chain stores
− Groups of retail outlets that operate under central ownership and management and
handle the same product lines
− Volume purchases allow chains to pay lower prices than their independent rivals must
pay.
• Independent retailers
− Great majority employ four or fewer employees and have revenue of less than $500 000
− Traditional advantage is friendly, personalized service
Shopping Effort
• Convenience retailers – Focus marketing appeals on accessible locations, extended store
hours, rapid checkout service, and adequate parking facilities
Ex: Gas stations and dry cleaners
• Shopping stores – Offer potential customers the chance to compare pricing, assortment, and
quality levels
− Shopping focus is between Brands. Subject to the same store margin policy
Ex: Furniture stores, clothing outlets
• Specialty retailers – Combine carefully defined product lines, services, and reputations in
attempts to persuade consumers to expend considerable effort to shop at their stores
Ex: Michaels
Services Provided
• Classifications include selfservice, selfselection, or fullservice retailers
• The 7Eleven convenience stores are classified as selfservice stores, while Safeway and
Sobeys grocery stores are examples of selfselection stores
• Fullservice retailers such as Holt Renfrew
Product lines
• Specialty Stores
− Handle only part of a single product line that it stocks in considerable depth or variety
Ex: Fish markets, shoe stores, and bakeries
− Do not confuse with specialty products
More
Less