EARTHSC 2GG3 Study Guide - Final Guide: Diurnality, Cathemerality, Seed Dispersal
29 Jun 2018
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1. 2E03 Review
The Primate Order
1. We study behaviours of NHP to see relation to human culture
2. Linton: Differ by DEGREE
1. More habitually & intensively
3. White: Differ by KIND
1. Symbol: Arbitrary, teachable, changeable – Humans use
1. Dog = Dog anywhere
V.
2. Sign: Arbitrary, teachable, NOT changeable – NHP use
1. Directions
2. W/o prolonged conditioning – no change
4. Early Primatologists got info from Zoos instead of observing in natural habitat
5. 1960 = study The Trimates – Goodall (Chimps-Tanzania), Fossey (Gorillas), and
Galdikas (Orangutans)
NHP
Group Size - 10-50
Sex & Age - 50/50 M/F, all ages
Dominance & Subordination - Varies b/t Species
- Adults = dominant to sub adults or males = more
dominant to females because of size difference
- Female Hierarchies = more fluid, based on
reproductive success and availability
Dominance = 3 forms - 1. Presenting - By Subordinates
Mounting – By Dominants
- 2. Crowding: Invasion of space
- 3. Starring: Dominant sustains the stare
Territoriality - Claim of territory = stable food, water and safety –
they know danger, safe routes, are familiar
- Also use visible markers
- Gland secretion, auditory markers and patrol groups
Grooming - Primary Activity
- Sanitary purposes
- Group cohesion
Activity: - Primary = eating, sleeping, grooming
- Sex Banobos
Prolonged Immaturity - Varies
- More complex society = more socially immature roles
for kids
- Socialization has an adaptive role
- Culture: Innovation followed by diffusion
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Why do Biological Anthropologists Study NHP?
6. To better understand evolutionary forces
7. Study NHP opens a window into our evolutionary past
8. To save non-human primates from the threat of extinction
Primates
Generalized Skeleton
Highly Mobile Digits
Pentadactyly - 5 Digit each limb
- Not all have opposable thumbs
Tactile Pads - 5 figure prints
- Sweat glands for grip
Flattened Nails no claws - Some have claws
- All have at least 1 flat nail
Abbreviated Muzzle - WE have more vertical faces
- Baboon = exception
Fewer/smaller Teeth - Smaller canines
- Should have 44 teeth now 32 (loss of premolars)
- 2.1.2.3 (times 4=23)
Longer Canines - Prevent side to side motion – allow jaw to close completely
Diastema - Little space between canine and incisor
Sectorial Premolar - Specialization in lower premolars
- Upper grinds against it
- Helps keep canine sharp
Bilophodont Molars - For leaf eating
- WE usually have 4 cusps on molars, the front and 2 back
- 2 back is joint by a ridge of enamel for better leaf shredding
Heterodonty - Different types of teeth
- Ex. Humans: incisors, premolars, molars, canines
Homodonty - Same kind of teeth
- Ex. Crocodiles: All canines/sharp
Increased Reliance on
Vision
- Eyes set forward & next to each other = stereoscopic vision = 3D =
better depth perception
- WE have coloured vision
Post-Orbital Bar/Closure - A closed socket that protects the eye
Decreased Sense of Smell - Could be due to increased reliance on vision
- Could be correlated with short snouts
Complex Cortex - Increased convolutions, folds Maximizes surface area
Prolonged Infant
Dependency
- WE had this to develop complex brains/cortexes
- Need love, food, protection, and socialization
K-Section - Fewer young/reproductive cycle
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&
R- Section
- Long periods of gestation
- More care
- Prolonged Parental Investment
- Opposite of above
Complex Social Groups &
Communication
- Result of long parenting period and care
- Complex group of communication – protect vulnerable offspring
- Group care = important when became bipedal because became more
exposed to predators
Increasingly Upright -
Increasingly Bipedal - Because of exposure to large predators on land
Arboreal - Living in trees
Brachiation - Arm swinging – form of arboreal
Locomotion - Swimming from tree limb to tree using only arms
What Exactly is a primate?
9. Large brains relative to body size
10. Grasping hands with opposable thumbs/tows
11. Nails, figure pads
12. Skull features including:
1. Forward-facing eyes
2. Enclosed/partially enclosed bony eye orbits
3. Inner ear protected by bone (petrosal bulla)
4. Generalized teeth and body plan
5. Single offspring; infant dependency
6. Learned social behaviours
What Characteristics Did Primates Inherit from Earlier Non-Primate Ancestors?
13. Five digits on the hands and feet
14. Shoulder joint flexibility
15. Plantigrade locomotion (walking on the palms of our hands and feet)
Classifying Primates
1. Prosimians
a. Lemurs (Madagascar)
b. Lorises (Africa, Asia)
c. Tarsiers (SE Asia)
c.i. Tooth Comb Except Tarsiers They have tiny bodies, large
eyes and feet
2. Anthropoids
a. NWM
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Document Summary
Adults = dominant to sub adults or males = more dominant to females because of size difference. Female hierarchies = more fluid, based on reproductive success and availability. Claim of territory = stable food, water and safety they know danger, safe routes, are familiar. Gland secretion, auditory markers and patrol groups. More complex society = more socially immature roles for kids. Why do biological anthropologists study nhp: to better understand evolutionary forces, study nhp opens a window into our evolutionary past, to save non-human primates from the threat of extinction. All have at least 1 flat nail. Should have 44 teeth now 32 (loss of premolars) Prevent side to side motion allow jaw to close completely. We usually have 4 cusps on molars, the front and 2 back. 2 back is joint by a ridge of enamel for better leaf shredding. Eyes set forward & next to each other = stereoscopic vision = 3d = better depth perception.
