HISTORY 2MC3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Cohong, Dorgon, Duan Qirui

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Second british diplomatic and trade mission to china. Jiaqing emperor, but due to misunderstandings in protocal, his mission was refused. Method of military organization applied by the manchus whereby fighting men (and their families) were grouped in divisions identified by different colored banners. Eight banners were devised, using the colors red, blue, yellow, and white: four solid and four bordered. The system, begun by nurhaci, was phased out in the early twentieth century with the development of the qing new army. Common soldiers were enrolled within it with their families, on the wages and grants of land made to the soldiers. In 1615 nurhaci reorganized the banner system into 200 and 300 men each and appointed two assistant commanders . Combined military, social and economic functions, included the entire population, and retained a fair degree of collective decision- making. Hong taiji (r. 1636-1643) replenished the banner system into a new pan-jurchen.