MEDRADSC 1B03 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Inflammation, Necrosis, Liver
12 Oct 2018
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MEDRADSC 1B03
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Introduction to Pathology
Pathology vs Pathophysiology
Pathology is the study of:
- The disease process
- The nature & cause of the disease (how it rolls out & how it starts)
- The condition produced by the disease (what does it look like)
Pathophysiology is the study of:
- How normal physiological processes are altered by disease
- How the body normally acts, and now how it is acting with the disease
Why are they so important to the HCP (health care provider)?
- Firm foundations in anatomy & physiology is particularly important when a disease affects several organs or systems
- Hardly ever 1 defect of the physiological process, its a bunch of defects
- So that they have a considerable foundation of information to apply in their specialty area
- To be able to confer w other HCP’s, apply knowledge to image &/or treat their patient correctly, to be able to care &
empathize for patients appropriately
Terminology
Diagnosis vs Prognosis
1. Diagnosis: identification of a specific disease through the evaluation of signs & symptoms, lab tests, imaging tests, etc.;
what is happening to you?
2. Prognosis: refers to probability for recovery; prediction or forecast regarding the possible outcome of the course & the end
of the disease; how are you going to recover?
Etiology
- Is the cause of the disease
- Ie congenital defects, inherited, microorganisms, immune disorder, degenerative, malignant, trauma
- May be one or several of these
Iatrogenic
- Disease caused by the treatment/activities of a physician or surgeon (medical treatment)
- Ie bladder infection after catheterization, vessel damage after angiogram, complications from radiation therapy
Idiopathic
- Cause of the disease is unknown
- Ankylosing Spondylitis (bamboo spine) is when there is no space b/n vertebrae where there should be discs; all calcified
- Parkinson's Disease is most common in the idiopathic form
Predisposing vs Precipitating Factors
1. Predisposing Factors: susceptibility to disease or indicating a high risk for a disease
○ Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an individual
○ Doesn’t mean that there are certain developments of the disease, just putting yourself at higher risk
○ Example is occupational exposure (radiation, asbestos)
2. Precipitating Factors: condition/circumstance that triggers an acute episode
○ Shovelling snow for an elderly is harder, and is considered a precipitating factor
○ Example is an angina attack (pain that develops on left side of body down left arm)
Prevention
- Keeping an illness from happening
- Closely linked to etiology & predisposing factors of a specific disease
- Ie vaccines, diet, lifestyle modification
Pathogenesis
- Development of the disease
- Sequence of events that leads to tissue changes
Acute vs Chronic
1. Acute: sudden onset of disease or short termed (often with high fever, pain)
○ ie Appendicitis
2. Chronic: often a milder condition but with a longer term (can have acute episodes)
○ ie Rheumatoid arthritis
Latent/Incubation Period
- Initial stage of disease,where there are no clinical signs being demonstrated
- Stage between exposure to microorganism (or mechanism of damage) & the onset of signs & symptoms
- May last for days or weeks
- How is the body going to fix what happened in the latent period
Prodromal Period
- Refers to the time during the early development of a disease where one is aware of a change in the body, but signs are
non-specific
- Body is trying to figure out what just happened
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
- Examples: fatigue, loss of appetite, headache, nausea
Signs
- Objective indicators of a disease that are obvious to someone else other than the affected individual
- Example: skin rash, fever
Symptoms
- Subjective feelings or an abnormality noted only by the patient/individual
- Example: headache, nausea
Syndrome
- Collection of signs and symptoms that occur together in a characteristic pattern
- Example: Down Syndrome is a genetic abnormality with many classic presentations
Manifestations of a Disease
- Clinical evidence or an effect of a disease (talking about the signs & symptoms)
1. Local Manifestations: found at site of problem
2. Systemic Manifestations: affecting the body as a whole (ie fever)
Lesion
- Structural change or a specific local change in tissue
- May be microscopic or visible to the naked eye
- Example: tumour in the liver, pimple on skin
Biopsy
- Removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination to determine diagnosis
Autopsy
- Postmortem examination of the organs & tissues of a body by a pathologist to determine cause of death
Remission vs Exacerbation
1. Remission: during course of disease the manifestations have subsided (reduced)
2. Exacerbation: during the course of the disease, the signs of the disease have increased
Complications vs Sequelae
1. Complications: additional or secondary problems that arise after original disease
○ Things that could hypothetically be prevented
○ Ie. Pneumonia after a fractured hip bc they are bedridden & around people who are sick (proper isolation
techniques aren’t followed)
2. Sequelae: potentially unwanted outcomes of a primary condition
○ Nothing anyone can do to prevent
○ Paralysis after a stroke
Therapy
- Treatment measures used to promote recovery or to slow the progress of the disease
- Examples: surgery, drugs, radiation
Morbidity vs Mortality
1. Morbidity: disease rates within a group
2. Mortality: death rates resulting from a particular disease
Epidemiology vs Incidence
1. Epidemiology: science of tracking the pattern or the occurrence of disease; records will include the transmission rates &
how it transmits; is a study
○ Ie. Epidemiologic information gathered, is used to determine the components of the current flu vaccine (helps
scientists determine the strains of the flu used in the vaccines)
2. Incidence: number of new cases noted within a stated period of time
3. Prevalence: number of new & old cases noted within a stated period of time
Epidemic vs Pandemic
1. Epidemic: large number of cases of an infectious disease within an area/region
2. Pandemic: high number of cases in several regions/areas & possibly worldwide
Communicable vs Reportable Disease
1. Communicable Diseases: infections that can be spread from one person to another
2. Reportable Diseases: (notifiable) a disease that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The nature & cause of the disease (how it rolls out & how it starts) The condition produced by the disease (what does it look like) How normal physiological processes are altered by disease. How the body normally acts, and now how it is acting with the disease. Firm foundations in anatomy & physiology is particularly important when a disease affects several organs or systems. Hardly ever 1 defect of the physiological process, its a bunch of defects. So that they have a considerable foundation of information to apply in their specialty area. To be able to confer w other hcp"s, apply knowledge to image &/or treat their patient correctly, to be able to care & empathize for patients appropriately. Ie congenital defects, inherited, microorganisms, immune disorder, degenerative, malignant, trauma. May be one or several of these. Disease caused by the treatment/activities of a physician or surgeon (medical treatment)
