QUICKNOTES FINAL PSYCH 2AP3
Depressive, Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive Disorders in DSM5
− Disruptive Mood Regulation Disorder − Other Specified Depressive Disorder
− Major Depressive Disorder o Recurrent Brief Depression
− Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder o ShortDuration Depressive Episode
o Depressive Episode with Insufficient Symptoms
− Substance/MedicalInduced Depressive Disorder
− Unspecified Depressive Disorder
− Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Disorder
Bipolar and Related Disorders
−
− Bipolar I Disorder − Other Specified Bipolar and Related disorder
− Bipolar II Disorder − Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder
− Cyclothymic Disorder − Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder
− Substance/MedicationInduced Bipolar and Related Disorder
Depressive Mood Regulation Disorder
− New category to address the rapid increase in diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in children – treated with drugs with harmful side effects; often developed UP or anxiety
disorders rather than BP
− Diagnostic Criteria
o Severe, recurrent temper outbursts manifested verbally and/or behaviorally that are out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation
o Outbursts inconsistent with developmental level
o Outbursts occur an average of 35 times/week
o Mood between outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day and is observable by others
o Criteria met for at least 12 months; no period of 3 or more consecutive months in which all criteria was not met
o Onset of symptoms was before the age of 10 but not before 6 or after 18
o Behaviours do not occur exclusively during Major Depressive episode and are not better accounted for by another disorder (eg/ASD, PTSD, separation
anxiety)
Cannot coexist with Operationally Defiant Disorder, Bipolar disorder or Intermittent Explosive Disorder
o The symptoms are not due to the effects of a substance or to another medical or neurological condition
− Does not require significant impairment or distress
Major Depressive Disorder
− At least 5 of the following during 2 week period; 1 must be depressed mood or Anhedonia
o Depressed mood – most of the day, almost every day; self or othersreported
o Anhedonia – marked diminished interest or pleasure
o Significant weight loss or gain – not due to dieting
o Insomnia or Hypersomnia – nearly every day; hypersomnia more common
o Psychomotor Agitation or Retardation – conscious motor activities (not reflexes); retardation more common
o Fatigue or loss of energy
o Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt – cognition, not emotion/mood
o Reduced concentration, indecisiveness
o Recurring thoughts of death – not fear of dying; actions that bring greater risk of death
− Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
− Episode not due to substance or another medical condition
− Not better explained by a schizophrenic or other psychotic mental disorder
o Schizophrenia can be concurrent
o Psychotic symptoms in depression are uncommon
− There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode (not due to substance or other medical condition)
− Additional Coding – i) single or recurrent ii) severity (mild, moderate, severe, with psychotic features)
Bipolar Disorder I
− At least 1 week of expansive or irritable mood with increased energy or activity, most days, most of the day
− During this period, 3 or more of the following persisted to a significant degree
o Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
1 QUICKNOTES FINAL PSYCH 2AP3
o Reduced need for sleep
o More talkative or pressure to keep talking
o Flight of ideas or feelings of racing thoughts
o Distractibility
o Increased goaldirected activity/psychomotor
o Excessive involvement in activities with high risk for negative consequences – eg/ gambling, sexual activities, lending money
− Marked impairment
− Episode not due to substance or another medical condition
− No depressive episode required, though they usually do in Bipolar I
− Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning
− Episode not better explained by a schizophrenic or other psychotic mental disorder
− There has never been a manic or hypomanic episode (not due to substance or other medical condition)
− Additional coding
o Single or recurrent episode
o Severity (mild, moderate, severe, with psychotic features)
Bipolar Disorder II
− Same as Bipolar I Disorder, with the exception of one criterion
− Absence of “marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, or requires hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others or has psychotic features”
Epidemiology
− Major Depression
o Point Prevalence = 59% (females) =24% (males)
o Lifetime Prevalence = 1025% (females) = 512% (males)
o Age of Onset = 2050; mean = late 30’s
o No race, SES, class bias
− Bipolar Disorder
o Lifetime Prevalence = 12%
o Age of Onset = late teens – 20’s
o No race or sex bias; slightly more common in higher SES
− Depressive and Bipolar Disorders – Canada
o Annual Prevalence = 6.3% (females)
4.2% (males)
5.2% (overall)
Etiology
− Psychological (Depressive)
o Freud – Psychoanalytic Theory
Reaction to loss of love object – lost love object is introjected (replicated in self); turn anger at lost object toward self
Depression become reaction to any lost object
o Seligman – Learned Helplessness and Hopelessness
Individual experiences failure; those with depression have a tendency to make negative attributions for failure
• I) Inte(something abouII) Glob(something important III) St (something unchangeable about self)
Helplessness – feels as if they cannot do anything
o Beck – CognitiveBehavioural Theory
Presence of depressogenic schemata
Unrealistically negative view (low Sii) wo(dangerous, thre iii) fu(bleak, good things unlikely)
Systematic errors in logic
• Arbitrary Inference – draw negative conclusions based on no/little evidence
• Selective Abstraction – focusing on negative elements, ignoring positive
• Magnification/Minimization – maximize negatives, minimize positives
• Overgeneralization – basing far reaching conclusions on few experiences
− Amine Hypothesis (Mood Disorders)
2 QUICKNOTES FINAL PSYCH 2AP3
o Depression = low levels of amine neurotransmitter activity
o Mania = high levels of amine neurotransmitter activity
o 3 candidate NTs – 5HT, DA, NE
o Treatment Action as evidence
Antidepressants – facilitate transmission; allows for more NT in the synapse
• Tricyclic – inhibit reuptake of NT from synaptic cleft
• MAOI – inhibit breakdown of NT by inhibiting MAO (which breaks down NT and limits excitatory potential)
Antidepressants and ECT – reduces badrenergic receptors; increases serotonergic response and aadrenergic receptors (relaxation, inhibition)
Lithium – stabilizes serotonergic activity (mechanism of action unclear); prevents over activity of 5HT
o Precursors and Metabolites as evidence
Precursor Metabolite
DA LDOPA – enhances effect of MAO inhibitors; may leadHVA (homovanillic acid) – not lower in CSF of depressed patients; lower
BD in motor retardation (no evidence)
NE MHPG (3methoxy4hydroxyphenylglycol) – lower urinary levels than
controls in depression; especially in BD patients
5HT Tryptophan – may be antidepressant in mild cases small majority of studies); low CSF levels in aggression, impulsivity, n
suicide
o Permissive 5HT Hypothesis – 5HT regulates neural activity, NE and DA; reduced regulatio▯ results in depression or mania
5HT stabilization by lithium in BD
Reports of successful treatment with 5HT precursors
o Issues
CSF metabolites – assumed to be from brain; could have come from spinal cord or elsewhere
Some drugs relieve depression without amine uptake
Delay between drug effects and lifting of depression – if NT level causes symptoms, when NT levels change, symptoms should change
• NT not primary factor; now looking at receptors
NT adapt to changes in activity – therapeutic effect may be the adaptation, as opposed to the immediate NT level change
Depression – cause or effect; NT levels cause depression, or depression causes brain chemistry change?
− Brain Structure and Function
o Smaller volume in some areas of hippocampus in multiple sclerosis patients with depression; not in general population with depression
o Increased frontal asymmetry – less left fro
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