BIOL 111 Study Guide - Final Guide: Surface Runoff, Water Scarcity, Aquifer

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Surface runoff is water that does not infiltrate the ground (30% of is reliable runoff). The region from which surface water drains into a body of water is its watershed or basin. Water the infiltrates the ground and percolates downward is called groundwater. The zone of saturation is the lower layers of soil completely filled with water (eg, no air). Deeper down are the aquifers: porous, water-saturated layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock. An unconfined aquifer is one that is bounded only by the impermeable layer below. A confined aquifer is bounded by upper and lower impermeable layers (high pressure). Too little water: there are four causes of water scarcity: Drought, a period in which precipitation is at least 70% lower and evaporation is higher. Desiccation, drying of exposed soil because of activities such as deforestation and overgrazing. Migration and spawning of fish is disrupted. Downstream croplands are nutrient-poor: withdrawing groundwater for use:

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