LIR 100 Study Guide - Final Guide: Conflict Avoidance, Gender Binary, Curbed

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LIR100
Final Exam
Week 6: power distance
High vs. low power distance
- How do we handle the fact that people are unequal?
- Should institutional power be distributed more equally or more unequally?
- Power in terms of institutions (dictators), there are micro institutions (family- should
power at this micro level be distributed equally among family members or should one
person dominate
- How does given society deal with wealth- forcibly distribute it or does it say hands off,
let those that earn money be powerful
- Universal issues- inequality (all societies feature it), particulars (how society decide),
closer something is to middle, more difficult it is to say what society dominates
- Small power distance: more egalitarian
- Large power distance: more authoritarian
- All societies feature inequalities
- Not all societies agree that it is good for inequality to increase
- This is usually a question of rank across domains
- Should high rank in one area mean high rank in other areas? Or should high rank in one
area be offset by lower rank in other areas?
- Laws may be introduced to re-enforce such values
- Egalitarian- low power distance- equality, providing equal opportunity and those
specialized in an area will naturally do better than others, everything would take longer to
get done without someone being in charge, for purposes of efficiency we have someone
take charge and hope they don’t become too powerful
- Totalitarian/authoritarian- high power distance, one small group in charge
- High power society- if wealthy, naturally granted higher status in politics and media news
- Low power society- says wealth should not determine your political power
- Societies with dramatically large wealth gap would be high power- Canada has large
wealth gap
Power distance map
- Low power distance, egalitarian- Canada, Australia, Europe, America
- High power distance- China, Vietnam, Russia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia
King Charles XIV
- History example Hofstede uses
- Involves two countries tat that distantly separated in geography
- After French revolution, King Charles the 14th named King of Sweden, really successful
general in French revolution, Sweden decided to have a new king and Charles said I will
learn Swedish to become king of Sweden,
- In ancilation speech, everyone laughed and so King Charles refused to speak Swedish
due to humiliation- humiliated because it would never happen in France
- France high power society, Sweden low power
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Indicators
- How often are employees afraid to question their managers?- fear, are people afraid to
question, are bosses more familial based (someone looking out for you, teaching you
things) or is it someone more aloof, unapproachable
- Are bosses perceived to be more paternalistic or more autocratic?- we question why
someone would want an autocratic leader because of our culture but many countries
prefer an autocratic managerial
- Do employees prefer bosses that are more autocratic, more paternalistic or more
consultative (letting majority vote rule)?
- (Note: how closely do desire and perception match?)
Effects
- Dependence relationships:
Small power distance:
Limited dependence: more interdependence
Large power distance:
Prefer dependence or react through counter dependence
Key differences between small and large power distance societies, 1: general norm, family,
school and workplace
Small power distance
- Parents treat children as equals
- Teachers expect initiatives from students in class
- Teachers are experts who transfer impersonal truths
- Students treat teachers as equals
- Hierarchy in organization means as inequality of roles, established for convenience
- Decentralization is popular
- Narrow salary range between top and bottom or organization
- Subordinates expect to be consulted
- The ideal boss is a resourceful democrat
Large power distance
- Parents teach children obedience
- Teachers are expected to take all initiatives in class
- Teachers are gurus who transfer personal wisdom
- Students treat teachers with respect
- Hierarchy in organizations reflect the existential inequality between higher- ups and
lower-downs
- Centralization is power
- Wide salary range between top and bottom of organization
- Subordinates expect to be told what to do
- The ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat or good father
Key differences between small and large power distance societies 2: politics and ideas
Small power distance
- The use of power should be legitimate and is subject to criteria of good and evil (fair
election etc., democratic system is egalitarian society)
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- The middle class is large
- Powerful people try to look less powerful than they are, realize power they hold is
temporary
- Power is based on formal position, expertise, and ability to give rewards, resources
- The way to change a political system is changing the rules (revolution)
- The use of violence in domestic politics is rare
- Political spectrum shows strong center and weak right and left wings
- Prevailing religions and philosophical systems stress equality
- Prevailing political ideologies stress and practice power sharing
Large power distance
- Might prevails over right: whoever holds the power is right and good
- The middle class is small
- Powerful people try to look as impressive as possible, flaunt power
- Power is based on family or friends, charisma, and ability to use force, inherited power
- Carrot of power is non-existent, stick of force
- The way to change a political system is by changing the people at the top (revolution)
- Domestic political conflicts frequently lead to violence
- Political spectrum, if allowed to be manifested, shows weak center and strong wings
- Prevailing religions and philosophical systems stress hierarchy and stratification
- Prevailing political ideologies stress and practice power struggle
Micro level of key differences chart
- Small power- parent treat kids as equal
- High power- parents teach kids disobedience
- Parents distribute power to children by letting child pick punishment, giving them a say
in decision making power, giving you preferences- egalitarian
- Authoritarian- scolding child by being abusive
- Egalitarian- scolding child by saying let’s not do that (equal, we are both not going to do
that)
- Teacher student relationship- egalitarian teacher- allows students to discuss, teachers
expected to be experts, students and teachers work towards equality- authoritarian
teacher- taking control of stage, teachers expected to be gurus, respect at all costs
- Organization- egalitarian- leadership position temporary, even though there is more
power it is a convenience situation, more centralized, workers informed of changes, more
open to group ideas- authoritarian- expected that leader is better/more powerful than
others, more decentralized, Canada CEOs are making way more than workers, do without
telling workers, kind dictator, firm stern father
Week 7: individual vs. collective
Individual vs. collectivism
- Should personal allegiance be oriented more towards self or group?
- Is a person’s identity more self-oriented or more group oriented?
- More individualism: far more rare- more wealth, education, individualism emerged with
democracy in common day, sense of enlightenment
- More collectivist: far more common
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Document Summary

Power in terms of institutions (dictators), there are micro institutions (family- should power at this micro level be distributed equally among family members or should one person dominate. How does given society deal with wealth- forcibly distribute it or does it say hands off, let those that earn money be powerful. Universal issues- inequality (all societies feature it), particulars (how society decide), closer something is to middle, more difficult it is to say what society dominates. Not all societies agree that it is good for inequality to increase. This is usually a question of rank across domains. Laws may be introduced to re-enforce such values. Totalitarian/authoritarian- high power distance, one small group in charge. High power society- if wealthy, naturally granted higher status in politics and media news. Low power society- says wealth should not determine your political power. Societies with dramatically large wealth gap would be high power- canada has large wealth gap.

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