PLN 203 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes -
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
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PLN 203
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Chapter 1:
Anatomy v.s. Physiology
Anatomy: the study of internal and external structures and their physical relationships
among other body parts. Describes the structure of the human body.
- Gross anatomy: examines structures that can be seen by the naked eye. Aka
macroscopic anatomy (Ex. organs, visible body parts )
- Surface anatomy: Exterior features of the body which can be seen
without dissection or use of microscope
- Regional anatomy: Body areas… focuses on anatomical organization of
body parts. Ex. head, neck, trunk.
- Sectional anatomy: Study of the relationship of the bodies structures by
examining cross sections of the tissues or organ
- Systemic anatomy: study of organ systems… groups of organs that
function together in a coordinated manner. Ex. skeletal system, muscular
system, cardiovascular system.
- Clinical anatomy: medical anatomy… subspecialties in clinical practice.
Ex. pathological anatomy: anatomical structures that change during
illness. Radiographic anatomy: structures seen using specialized imaging
techniques. Surgical anatomy: anatomical landmarks important in surgery.
- Developmental anatomy:
- Microscopic anatomy: structures we cannot see, examines cells/molecules. Two
major subdivisions:
- Cytology: Cellular anatomy… study of the internal structures of
individual cells, the simplest unit of life. Cells are made up of chemical
substances in various combinations.
- Histology: study of tissues. Tissues combine to form organs ( heart,
kidney, liver.. etc)
Physiology: study of the functions of the human body. Studies the functions of
anatomical structures and individuals/cooperative functions.
- Cell Physiology: processes within and between cells
- Organ physiology: functions of specific organs
- Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system
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- Pathological physiology: studies the effects of diseases on organ functions or
system functions
Connection between Anatomy and Physiology:
The principle of complementarity of structure and function:
All specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure
relates to its function.
- Anatomical information provides clues about functions and...
- Physiological processes can be explained only in terms of the underlying anatomy
Example: CAR
Suppose you asked an anatomist and a physiologist to examine a car.
- The anatomist would explain its key structural relationships
- Such as how the pistons are seated in the engine cylinders and the crankshaft is
connected to the pistons and the transmissions link to the drive shaft to the axles
and thus to the wheels.
- The physiologist would focus on it’s functional characteristics and explain the
relationship among the car’s parts.
- Such as how the combustion of gasoline in the cylinders move the pistons up and
down and makes the drive shaft rotate and how the transmission conveys this
motion to the axles and the wheel so the car moves.
Levels of Organization: Chemical Organism
Chemical level:
- atoms are the smallest chemical units,
- molecules are a groups of atoms working together
- they form complex shapes which can determine their function.
- Ex. complex proteins form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle
cells in the heart.
Cellular level:
- cells are the smallest living units in the body
- Cells are a groups of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
- Ex. Energy-producing organelles provide the energy needed for heart muscle cell
contractions.
Tissue level;
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Anatomy: the study of internal and external structures and their physical relationships among other body parts. Gross anatomy: examines structures that can be seen by the naked eye. Aka macroscopic anatomy (ex. organs, visible body parts ) Surface anatomy: exterior features of the body which can be seen without dissection or use of microscope. Regional anatomy: body areas focuses on anatomical organization of body parts. Sectional anatomy: study of the relationship of the bodies structures by examining cross sections of the tissues or organ. Systemic anatomy: study of organ systems groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner. Clinical anatomy: medical anatomy subspecialties in clinical practice. Ex. pathological anatomy: anatomical structures that change during illness. Radiographic anatomy: structures seen using specialized imaging techniques. Microscopic anatomy: structures we cannot see, examines cells/molecules. Cytology: cellular anatomy study of the internal structures of individual cells, the simplest unit of life. Cells are made up of chemical substances in various combinations.
