PSY 209 Study Guide - Final Guide: Blue-Collar Worker, Psy, Extraversion And Introversion
3 May 2018
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1) Leadership: define and provide evidence to support each theoretical approach (Universal -
trait, behavioral; Contingency –Fiedler, House; Contemporary-transformational)
- Leadership is the influence that a particular individual exerts on goal achievement of others in
an organization context
- Leadership is composed of two aspects: emergence and effectiveness
- Effectiveness relates to how well a leader influences others to pursue the common goal
- Emergence relates to what people become leaders
- Leaders can be formal or informal
Universal Approa
ch
o There is oe est a to deterie ho is a leader
• Trait approach
o Identifies traits that distinguish between leaders and non-leaders & effective and
ineffective leaders defines what effective leaders are LIKE
o Selection process is key to finding the individual with these leadership qualities
o Emphasis is on the selection process, no training
o IE. High on extraversion effective/emerge as leader
o Includes traits, IQ, physical traits(gender-glass ceiling effect)
o IE. Wider faces higher level of testosterone; shows dominance and aggression
o IE. Baby faces less likely to be leaders
▪ Leadership Prototypes
▪ Big categories, with criterial elements
• EX. Category: bird
• Elements: feathers, fly, beaks
• Which is bird: robin or penguin
o ROBIN MEETS ALL 3 ELEMENTS OF CATEGORY
▪ Deeloped soli koledge aout ategories, eleets…et
▪ Prototypes – cognitive schema; way of knowing what rules of word are;
▪ Ask yourself if things are consistent with your cognitive schema
▪ LEADERSHIP PROTOTYPES
• if it looks like a leader, acts like a leader; the person is a leader according
to our cognitive schema
o superordinate level: leader
o basic level: number of stimuli in same category
o subordinate level: where same categories start to differentiate –
distinguishing features btwn basic levels
• IE. US states (Texas, New York) Cities
• IE. Leader religious leaders, political leaders conservative, liberal,
Hindu, Buddhism
• Prototypical leadership traits: H-AOIU
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o Intelligence, honesty, outgoing, understanding, great verbal skills,
aggression, assertive, industrious, educated, dedicated, goal
oriented, ambitious, dominant
• NON-leadership prototypical traits:
o Blue collar employees
o Helpful, happy, easy-going, caring
• Agentic (Stereotypical Masculine traits) leadership prototype
o Self-interested, task oriented, dominant, competitive
▪ TCDS
• Communal (Stereotypical Female traits) non-leadership prototype
o Interpersonally sensitive, kind, helpful, sympathetic
o When women in leadership roles display leadership prototypes, they
are seen as unlikeable, negative perceptions (bossy), ineffective
towards leadership style ------------------------------------------------SK-HS
▪ STUDY
• Told sentence that described leadership traits that were either agentic or
communal
• Cadidates respoded to Is this a leadership trait?
• While being shown picture of a gender
• Memory: picture to trait relation
o Faster response times -male picture- leadership trait
o Male picture- communal trait- no impact on response time; always
sa it’s a leadership trait
o Faster response times- female picture- communal trait
o Slower response time- female picture- leadership trait
o Less likely to remember the agentic traits for females and more likely
to remember the communal traits
▪ Encoded disadvantage when there is stereotype inconsistency
▪ Eodig of leadership ehaviors deped o the target’s geder
- CORE TRAITS FOR EFFECTIVE AND EMERGENCE OF A LEADER
o Self-confidence (and emotional stability) (personal attribute)
o Motivation to lead (motivation- they want to lead)
o Drive (ambition, achievement, energy, initiative) (motivation- they want to lead)
o Honesty and integrity (personal attribute)
o High cognitive ability (i.e., intelligence) (task competence – they can lead)
o Knowledge of business (task competence – they can lead)
o SMD-HKH
- Critique:
- not good indicator of who will be an effective leader, just tell u who will emerge as a leader
- some traits may be situation-specific which in turn influences the desired traits for a leader
- effectiveness requires a combo of core traits
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• Behavior Approach
o Considers situations
o There is a type of behavior that depicts leadership qualities
o It’s about what you do, not who you are that defines you as a leader or not
o Defines what effective leaders DO
o What do leaders engage in and is it effective?
o Train leaders to be effective
▪ MAJOR RESEARCH
Ohio State Studies
o Objective: identify leader behaviours that differentiate effective from
ineffective leaders
o 2 main constructs (one or the other class of specific behaviors):
▪ Initiating Structure
▪ Communicate standards and expectations
▪ Defies ad orgaizes group atiities, eers’ roles, procedures, and
schedules
▪ Task-oriented/goal-oriented
iportat, if it’s a perforae drie opa
▪ Associated with more positive things
▪ Considerations
▪ Extent to which leader is approachable, shows personal concern and
respect for his/her employees
▪ Friendly, egalitarian, appreciative, supportive
▪ People oriented
▪ Meeting to address concerns manage relationships and their
company will thrive consideration mentality solutions
▪ Ex.
Concern: Poor work-life balance
Solution: Flex time, communal time
Note: Initiating structure and consideration are independent
dimensions (i.e., one can score high or low on both)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Leadership: define and provide evidence to support each theoretical approach (universal - trait, behavioral; contingency fiedler, house; contemporary-transformational) Leadership is the influence that a particular individual exerts on goal achievement of others in an organization context. Leadership is composed of two aspects: emergence and effectiveness. Effectiveness relates to how well a leader influences others to pursue the common goal. Universal approa ch: there is (cid:862)o(cid:374)e (cid:271)est (cid:449)a(cid:455)(cid:863) to deter(cid:373)i(cid:374)e (cid:449)ho is a leader, trait approach. Wider faces higher level of testosterone; shows dominance and aggression. Leadership prototypes: big categories, with criterial elements, ex. Us states (texas, new york) cities. Leader religious leaders, political leaders conservative, liberal, It"s about what you do, not who you are that defines you as a leader or not: defines what effective leaders do, what do leaders engage in and is it effective, train leaders to be effective, major research.
