BPK 105 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Posterior Pituitary, Distal Convoluted Tubule, Adrenal Medulla
27 Apr 2018
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Module 6 - Terminology
Terminology
1. chemical messengers (Section 10.1): Chemical messengers allow cells to
communicate with each other to regulate body activities.
2. endocrine glands (Section 10.3): The endocrine system consists of ductless glands.
Some glands of the endocrine system perform more than one function.
3. receptor site (Section 10.1): The portion of each receptor molecule where a hormone
binds is called a receptor site, and the shape and chemical characteristics of each
receptor site allow only a specific type of hormone to bind to it.
4. membrane-bound (Section 10.6)
5. nuclear (Section 10.6): nuclear receptors work by activating protein synthesis, which
for some hormones can take several hours.
6. transcription factor (Section 10.6): The combination of the hormone and its receptor
forms a transcription factor because, when the hormone- receptor complex binds
to the hormone-response element, it regulates the transcription of specific
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecules.
7. amplification (Section 10.6): Additionally, each receptor produces thousands of
second messengers, leading to a cascade effect and ultimately amplification of the
hormonal signal. With amplification, a single hormone activates many second
messengers, each of which activates enzymes that produce an enormous amount of
final product (figure 10.11).
8. hypothalamus (Section 10.7): Important autonomical and endocrine control center in
the brain located beneath the thalamus.
9. portal system (Section 10.7): The capillary beds and veins that transport the
releasing and inhibiting hormones are called the hypothalamic-pituitary portal
system.
10. antidiuretic hormone (Section 10.7): (ADH) Hormone secreted from the posterior
pituitary gland that acts on the kidney to reduce the output of urine; also called
vasopressin.
11. calcitonin (Section 10.7): Hormone, released from cells of the thyroid gland, that acts
on tissues, especially bone, to cause a decrease in blood levels of calcium ions.
12. parathyroid hormone (Section 10.7): Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted by the
parathyroid glands, increases extracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
13. adrenal medulla (Section 10.7): Inner part of the adrenal gland, which secretes
mainly epinephrine but also small amounts of norepinephrine.
14. epinephrine (Section 10.7): Hormone similar in structure to the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine; major hormone released from the adrenal medulla; increases
cardiac output and blood glucose levels.
15. adrenal cortex (Section 10.7): The outer part of the adrenal gland, which secretes
the following steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol; mineralocorticoids,
mainly aldosterone; and androgens.
