PSYC 100 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Social Intuitionism, Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence, Motivation
CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER REVIEW:
Analogical vs Symbolic Representations:
Analogical has some of the physical characteristics of objects whereas symbolic are
representations that do not correspond to the physical features of the object.
Prototype Model: A way of thinking about concepts: Within each category there is a best
example for that category. For example, an orange belongs to and is a good representation of
the category fruits where as a tomato would not be the best fit.
Exemplar Model: Also, a way of thinking about concepts: All members of a category are
examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership. For example,
when you think of a dog or cat you have a specific idea of what that looks like based on all the
representations you have ever seen.
Normative vs Descriptive Decision Making:
Normative is when you attempt to define how people should make decisions, whereas with
descriptive it is the attempt to predict how people actually make choices, not to define the
ideal choice. For example, ideally you would pick going on a vacation over not, but then the
realistic part is thinking of the negatives that would come from it, like the money.
Heuristics: Shortcuts used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision.
Anchoring: The tendency to rely on the first piece of information encountered.
Loss Aversion: The idea that if you are going to lose something it will affect the decision you
make more. For example, if you were to buy stocks you would focus more on the potential loss
than the potential gain.
Availability Heuristic: Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.
Representativeness Heuristic: Placing a person or object in a category if that person or object is
similar to one’s prototype for that category.
Affective Forecasting: The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them
feel in the future. An example of this is getting married or when your favourite team wins the
championship (this championship example comes from a study called Faulty Affective
Forecasting)
Many people think that the more options they have the better but in reality, that is not the
case. Too much choice can be frustrating, unsatisfying and ultimately debilitating. Study done
with types of jams, more options less likely to make a decision.
Restructuring: A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution.
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Mental Sets: Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past. Thinking of something
that had worked before and could maybe work again.
Functional Fixedness: In problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of an
object.
Morphemes vs Phonemes:
Morphemes are the smallest language units that have meaning, including suffixes and prefixes.
Phonemes are the basic sounds of speech, the building blocks of language.
Aphasia: A language disorder that results in deficits in language comprehension and
production.
Wernicke’s Area: Area of left hemi where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, involved in
speech comprehension. Whereas Bronca’s area is important for speech production.
Linguistic Relativity Theory: The claim that language determines thought.
By about 18-24 months, children begin to put words together. Rudimentary sentences of
roughly two words emerge.
When kids start learning higher words they start to over apply and make overgeneralizations.
An example of this is “-ed” it doesn’t apply to each word, but kids assume it does.
Telegraphic Speech: The tendency for toddlers to speak using rudimentary sentences that are
missing words and grammatical markings but follow logical syntax and convey a wealth of
meaning.
Surface vs Deep Structure:
Surface is the sound and order of words.
Deep is the implicit meanings of sentences.
The term creole describes a language that evolves overtime from the mixing of existing
languages. Blending of languages.
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Phonics: A method of teaching reading in English that focuses on the association between
letters and their phonemes.
Whole Language: A method of teaching reading in English that emphasizes learning the
meanings of words and understanding how words are connected in sentences.
Binet launched the psychometric approach to assessing intelligence.
Almost 70% of people fall between an 85-115 IQ score.
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Document Summary
Analogical has some of the physical characteristics of objects whereas symbolic are representations that do not correspond to the physical features of the object. Prototype model: a way of thinking about concepts: within each category there is a best example for that category. For example, an orange belongs to and is a good representation of the category fruits where as a tomato would not be the best fit. Exemplar model: also, a way of thinking about concepts: all members of a category are examples; together they form the concept and determine category membership. For example, when you think of a dog or cat you have a specific idea of what that looks like based on all the representations you have ever seen. Normative is when you attempt to define how people should make decisions, whereas with descriptive it is the attempt to predict how people actually make choices, not to define the ideal choice.
