BIOL 1050H Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Connective Tissue, Capillary, Epithelium
BIOL 1050H
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Basic Anatomical Organization and Histology
Anatomical Terminology
• All descriptions of anatomy are based on someone in anatomical position
• Anatomical position
• Person standing with both feet on the ground, arms at the side with palms facing
forward
Directional Term
Anterior/ posterior (front/back)
Dorsal/ ventral (toward spine/belly)
Rostral /caudal (nose/tail)
• Prone/ supine
• Ipsilateral/ contralateral
• Superficial/ deep
3-D Planes
• Sagittal plane
• Divides into the left and right
• median (midsagittal) plane
• cuts the body/organ in equal halves
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Vertical
• Perpendicular to sagittal plane
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• across the body/organ
perpendicular to its long axis
• superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portion
Sections in different planes
• Sagittal plane
• Separates left/right
• Frontal (coronal) plane
• Separates anterior /posterior
• Transverse (horizontal) plane
• Separates superior/inferior
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Tips - Language of anatomy
• Most medical terms come from Greek and Latin roots
• Back pages of the textbook (Appendix F) has a lexicon of biomedical word elements
• Terms are generally formed with one or more of the following:
• Root (stem), bearing the core meaning of the word
• Cardi- means heart, cardiology is the study of the heart
• Myo - muscle
• Combining vowels, inserted to join roots
• Ex. Cardiomyopathy
• Meaning – disease of heart muscle
Tips - Medical terms
• Prefix, modifies the core meaning of the word
• Ex. Gastric pertains to the stomach or to the belly of a muscle takes on
new meaning given different prefixes
• Epigastric – above stomach Perichondrium, periosteum
• Hypogastric – below stomach
• Endogastric – within the stomach
• Suffix may be added to the word to modify the core meaning
• microscope
• microscopy
• microscopic
• microscopist
Body regions
• 2 major regions:
1. Axial
• head, neck (cervical), trunk
• trunk: thoracic & abdominal regions
2. Appendicular
• Many smaller areas within these two
major regions
Appendicular regions
• Appendicular
• Upper limbs
• brachial (arm)
• antebrachial (forearm)
• carpal (wrist)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Anatomical terminology: all descriptions of anatomy are based on someone in anatomical position, anatomical position, person standing with both feet on the ground, arms at the side with palms facing forward. Rostral /caudal (nose/tail: prone/ supine, ipsilateral/ contralateral, superficial/ deep. Sections in different planes: sagittal plane, separates left/right, frontal (coronal) plane, separates anterior /posterior, transverse (horizontal) plane, separates superior/inferior. Cardiomyopathy: meaning disease of heart muscle. Tips - medical terms: prefix, modifies the core meaning of the word, ex. Body regions: 2 major regions, axial, head, neck (cervical), trunk, trunk: thoracic & abdominal regions, appendicular, many smaller areas within these two major regions. Appendicular regions: appendicular, upper limbs, brachial (arm, antebrachial (forearm, carpal (wrist, manual (hand, digits (fingers, lower limbs, femoral (thigh, crural (leg, tarsal (ankle, pedal (foot, digits (toes) Abdominal regions: 4 quadrants, l/r upper/lower, 9 regions, l/r hypochondriac, epigastric, l/r lumbar, umbilical, l/r inguinal, hypogastric.
