BIOL 3080H Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Dna, Covalent Bond
BIOL 3080H
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lec 1: cells and genomes: introduction to DNA, genomes, and model organisms
Learning objectives:
- Understanding and bale to draw the structure of DNA and RNA
- Know the steps involved in DNA replication and the enzymes involved in this process
- Understand fundamental aspects of key molecular biology techniques including PCR, restriction
enzymes, plasmids, southern and norther blotting, and DNA sequencing
- Learn the basic outline of transcription and translation
- Gain an understanding of the regulation of the cell cycle and the role of this process in
carcinogenesis
Cells
- although the starting cells look superficially similar, they are not
- the DNA or genes contained in a different cells, will create a complete different organism, even
though the cells may look superficially similar.
Building block of DNA
- purines= adenine and guanine (double ring)
- pyrimidines – cytosine, thymine, and uracil (only in RNA)
- each strand act as a template during DNA replication, to replicate the DNA and create a new
strand.
- C=G (three hydrogen bonds → tighter and harder to break that A=T
- And A=T (= double bond )
The Central Dogma
- Genetic information is read and put through a two-step process
- In transcription, segments, of the DNA sequence are used to guide the synthesis of nRNA
- In translation, the RNA molecules are used to guide the synthesis of protein
- During replication, the two strands of a DNA double helix are pulled apart, and each serves as a
template for the synthesis of new complementary strand
- Each cell contains a fixed set of DNA molecules—its archive of genetic information. – Humans:
23 sets of chromosomes
- DNA guides the synthesis of many identical RNA transcripts, which serve as working copies of
the information stored in the archive.
Orthologs vs. paralogs
- Orthologs- speciation in acestrial organisms creat 2 species with different genes
- Paralogs- gene duplication, and divergence of an ancestral organisms from the pop will have a
different variation in the pop
Archae, bacteria, and eukarya
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- The largest number of shared gene families are involved in the translation and in amino acid
metabolism and transport
- Why do you think this is? – because they are fundamental for the basic process of life, so it
makes senses that they are passed
Molecular biology began with E.coli
- Small, rod-shaped bacteria cell
- Normally lives in the gut
- Standard laboratory strain E.coli K-12 has a genome of approximately 4.6M nucleotide pairs
contained within a circular DNA molecule
- Genome codes for about 4300 different proteins
- As humans are so complexed, we have more organizational genes than other organisms such as
E.coli
- In molecular terms, we know more about E.coli than any other living organisms
- Most of our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of life initially came from studies on
E.coli
➢ How cells replicate their DNA
➢ How they produce proteins from the information contained within DNA
Mutations relevel the functions of Genes
- A normal yeast cell ( fussion yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe ) is compared with a mutant
cell in which a change in a simple gene has converted the cell from a cigar shape to a t shape
- Mutant gene therefore has a function in the control of cell shape
- CRISP technique that allows an efficient way to mutate the human genes
- Cells can exist in either a diploid ( 2n) state, with a double chromosomes set, or a haploid (n)
state. With a single chromosomes set
- Diploid form: proliferate by ordinary cell division cycles or undergo meiosis to produce haploid
cells.
- Haploid from: proliferate by orindary cell- division cycles are undergo sexual fusion with another
haploid cell to become diplod
- Meisos is triggered by starvation and gives rise to spores--- haploid cells in a dormant state,
resistant to harsh environmental conditions
Arabidopsis thaloan : the model plant
- Chosen out of 300,000 species of plant
- There is a close evolutionary relationship between all flowering plants
- Arabidopsis is a small weed that can be grown indoors in a large numbers and produce
thousands of offspring per plant after 8-10 weeks
- Total genome size of approx. 220M nucleotide pairs
Drosophila melanogaster ( fruit fly)
- Molecular genetic studies have provided significant insight into how animals develop from a
fertilized egg into an adult
- Genome encodes homologs of a large number of human disease genes
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Lec 1: cells and genomes: introduction to dna, genomes, and model organisms. Understanding and bale to draw the structure of dna and rna. Know the steps involved in dna replication and the enzymes involved in this process. Understand fundamental aspects of key molecular biology techniques including pcr, restriction enzymes, plasmids, southern and norther blotting, and dna sequencing. Learn the basic outline of transcription and translation. Gain an understanding of the regulation of the cell cycle and the role of this process in carcinogenesis. Cells although the starting cells look superficially similar, they are not the dna or genes contained in a different cells, will create a complete different organism, even though the cells may look superficially similar. Pyrimidines cytosine, thymine, and uracil (only in rna) each strand act as a template during dna replication, to replicate the dna and create a new strand. C=g (three hydrogen bonds tighter and harder to break that a=t.
