PSYC 1030H Study Guide - Final Guide: Phallic Stage, Collective Unconscious, Personal Unconscious
3 May 2018
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Psychology Key Terms
Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment
●Personality refers to an individual’s unique constellation of consistent behaviour traits.
●Personality traits: Dispositions
○A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a
variety of situations.
○Factor analysis, correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify
closely related cluster of variables
●Psychodynamic theories include all of the diverse theories descended from the work of
Sigmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces.
●Structure of Personality
○The id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates
according to the pleasure principles.
○Pleasure principles, which demand immediate gratification of its urges.
○The ego is the decision-making component of personality that operates according
to the reality principle.
○Reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until
appropriate outlets and situations can be found.
○Superego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards
about what represents right and wrong.
●Levels of Awareness
○The conscious consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.
○The preconscious contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can
easily be retrieved.
○The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the
surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on
behaviour.
●Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms
○Defence mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from
unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt.
○Rationalization, which is creating false but plausible excuses to justify
unacceptable behaviour.
○Repression is keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
○Projection is attributing one’s own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another.
○Displacement is diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original
source to a substitute target.
○Reaction formation is behaving in a way that’s exactly the opposite of one’s true
feelings.
○Regression is a reversion to immature patterns of behaviour.
○Identification is bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance
with some person or group.
○Sublimation, which occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are
channelled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviours.
●Development: Psychosexual stages
○Psychosexual stages are developmental periods with a characteristic sexaual focus
that leave their mark onadult personality.
○Fixation is a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
○Oral Stage, Anal Stage, Phallic Stage
○In the Oedipal complex, children manifest erotically tinged desires for their
opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex
parent.
●Jung’s Analytical Psychology
○The personal unconscious houses material that is not within one’s conscious
awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten.
○The collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from
people’s ancestral past.
○Archetypes are emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal
meanings.
○Introverts tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts,
feelings, and experiences.
○Extraverts tend to be interested in the external world of people and things.
●Adler’s Individual Psychology
○Striving for superiority as a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master
life’s challenges.
○Compensation involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by
developing one’s abilities.
●Behaviourism is a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology
should study only observable behaviour.
●Reciprocal determinism is the idea that internal mental events, external environmental
events, and overt behaviour all influence one another.
●Observational learning
○Observational learning occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by
the observation of others, who are called models.
○A model is a person whose behaviour is observed by another.
●Self-efficacy refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviours that should
lead to expected outcomes.
●Humanism is a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans,
especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth.
●The phenomenological approach, which assumes that one has to appreciate individuals
personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behaviour
●Rogers’s Person-Centred Theory
○A self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one’s own nature, unique qualities,
and typical behaviour.
○Incongruence is the degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s
actual experience.
●Self-regulations as the self’s ability to alter its actions and behaviours.
●Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization
○A hierarchy of needs- a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in
which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
○The need for self-actualization, which is the need to fulfill one’s potential; it is the
highest need to Maslow’s motivational hierarchy.
●Self-actualizing persons are people with exceptionally healthy persons are people with
exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth.
●Narcissism is a personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for
attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others.
●Perfectionism
○Self-oriented perfectionism is a personal orientation in which a person sets high
standard for him or herself.
○Other- oriented perfectionism is the tendency to set high standards for others in
your social environment.
●Culture and Personality
○Individualism involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining
one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership.
○Collectivism involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining
one’s identity in terms of the groups one belong to.
○Self-enhancement involves focusing on positive feedback from others,
exaggerating one’s strengths, and seeing oneself as above average.
●Self-report inventories are personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of
questions about their characteristics behaviour.
●Projective tests ask participants to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may
reveal the subjects’ needs, feelings, and personality traits.
●Hindsight bias- the tendency to mould one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events
actually turned out.
Document Summary
Personality refers to an individual"s unique constellation of consistent behaviour traits. A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. Factor analysis, correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related cluster of variables. Psychodynamic theories include all of the diverse theories descended from the work of. Sigmund freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces. The id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principles. Pleasure principles, which demand immediate gratification of its urges. The ego is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. Reality principle, which seeks to delay gratification of the id"s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. Superego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. The conscious consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time.
