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ANAT400 Midterm: Miderm 1 Review

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School
University of Alberta
Department
Anatomy
Course
ANAT400
Professor
Jennifer Hocking

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Document Summary

Embryonic period - fertilization to 8 weeks (highly sensitive period) Fetal period - beginning of the 9th week to birth. Ploidy = the number of complete sets of chromosomes per cell. N = number of chromosomes in a complete set (n# can also be thought of as the number of unique genomes a cell has) => number of centromeres. Somatic cells are 2n (2 unique/parental sets of 23 chromosomes), while gametes are 1n (one set of 23 chromosomes - potentially a recombination from the 2 parental sets) C = number of dna molecules in a complete set => number of strands. Somatic cells are 2c (2 complete sets of 23 dna molecules) Cells that have replicated their genome in preparation for division (preparatory/synthesis phase) are 4c (4 complete sets of 23 dna molecules - 1 chromatid = 1 molecule; 2 molecules per replicated chromosome) Gametes are 1c (1 complete set of 23 dna molecules)

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Related Questions

Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).